{"service":"asiaref","description":"Asian government reference data: clean, cited JSON for policy rates, tax rates, minimum wages, public holidays and more.","evaluation":{"country":"JP","note":"Every JP series on this service is FREE — current value, history and as_at, with full citations. It is the evaluation country: exercise the real paid surface on it before paying for the rest.","verify_any_country_free":{"html_pages":"Every country's CURRENT value, its citation, effective date and last-verified date are published free as HTML at /{country}/{series} — e.g. /ke/policy-rate. No payment, no key. Check any value in this catalog against its official source before you buy anything.","this_catalog":"Every series listed here carries its full source citation, last_confirmed date and confidence level, free, for every country — not just the evaluation country.","what_payment_buys":"Machine-readable JSON, /history, ?as_at= point-in-time reads, the computed answer endpoints, and certified extracts. The DATA is not hidden; the API convenience is what is sold."}},"products":[{"id":"corporate-tax","kind":"product","countries_held":28,"countries_applicable":28,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"cpi","kind":"product","countries_held":28,"countries_applicable":28,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"fx-reference","kind":"product","countries_held":5,"countries_applicable":28,"complete":false,"applicable_universe":"Countries that run their own currency and publish an official daily reference fixing. This is the fleet's largest genuine gap: roughly a hundred central banks qualify and twenty-four are wired, because each bank's redistribution terms have to be cleared individually before its rates can be republished."},{"id":"income-tax","kind":"product","countries_held":28,"countries_applicable":28,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"minimum-wage","kind":"product","countries_held":28,"countries_applicable":28,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"policy-rate","kind":"product","countries_held":28,"countries_applicable":28,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"public-holidays","kind":"product","countries_held":28,"countries_applicable":28,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"social-contributions","kind":"product","countries_held":28,"countries_applicable":28,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"statutory-interest","kind":"product","countries_held":28,"countries_applicable":28,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"vat","kind":"product","countries_held":28,"countries_applicable":28,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","kind":"product","countries_held":28,"countries_applicable":28,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"withholding-tax","kind":"product","countries_held":28,"countries_applicable":28,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."}],"countries":[{"country":"AE","name":"United Arab Emirates","currency":"AED","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"CBUAE Base Rate (Overnight Deposit Facility)","description":"The Base Rate set by the Central Bank of the UAE, applied to the Overnight Deposit Facility (ODF). It signals the general stance of monetary policy and provides an effective floor for overnight money-market interest rates in the UAE. It is NOT an independent policy decision: the AED is pegged to the US dollar at 3.6725, so the Base Rate is anchored to the US Federal Reserve's Interest Rate on Reserve Balances (IORB) and the CBUAE adjusts it on its own initiative immediately after each FOMC move.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-11","source":{"name":"CBUAE press release 'CBUAE Lowers the Base Rate by 25 Basis Points', Abu Dhabi 10 December 2025 — cut the Base Rate applicable to the Overnight Deposit Facility (ODF) from 3.90% to 3.65%, effective from Thursday 11 December 2025, following the US Fed's 25bp cut to the IORB the same day","url":"https://www.centralbank.ae/media/051jybbj/cbuae-lowers-the-base-rate-by-25-basis-points-en.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ae/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"VAT standard rate","description":"Standard rate of Value Added Tax under Federal Decree-Law No. (8) of 2017 on Value Added Tax, administered by the Federal Tax Authority (FTA). A federal, GCC-framework VAT introduced across the UAE on 1 January 2018.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-12","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-01-01","source":{"name":"Federal Decree-Law No. (8) of 2017 on Value Added Tax, Article (3) Tax Rate — 'a standard rate of 5% shall be imposed on any supply or Import pursuant to Article (2) of this Decree-Law' (Federal Tax Authority, unofficial English translation)","url":"https://tax.gov.ae/DataFolder/Files/Pdf/VAT-Decree-Law-No-8-of-2017.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ae/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in the United Arab Emirates, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-01-01","source":{"name":"Cabinet Decision No. 52 of 2017 (VAT Executive Regulation) art. 7(1) — 'The Mandatory Registration Threshold shall be AED 375,000 (three hundred and seventy-five thousand dirhams)' — implementing Federal Decree-Law No. 8 of 2017 art. 13(1): registration where supplies 'exceeded the Mandatory Registration Threshold over the previous 12-month period' or are anticipated to exceed it 'in the next 30 days'; Arabic (official) per FTA: 'حد التسجيل الإلزامي البالغ 375,000 درهم'.","url":"https://tax.gov.ae/DataFolder/Files/Pdf/2022/Executive%20Regulation%20of%20Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No%208%20of%202017%20-%20Publish-new-2.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ae/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Statutory minimum wage","description":"Private-sector statutory minimum wage. STRUCTURAL NULL — the UAE has no statutory minimum wage figure for the private sector. The Labour Law empowers the Cabinet to set one but no such rate has ever been issued.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2022-02-02","source":{"name":"Federal Decree-Law No. (33) of 2021 on the Regulation of Employment Relationships ('UAE Labour Law', in force 2 February 2022), Article 27 — the minimum wage 'shall be determined and assessed' by Cabinet resolution upon a proposal of the Minister of Human Resources and Emiratisation (MoHRE) in coordination with the relevant authorities; no such resolution has been issued","url":"https://www.mohre.gov.ae/en/labour-law.aspx"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ae/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Official public holidays for the private and public sectors for calendar year 2026, unified under Cabinet Resolution No. (27) of 2024 concerning public holidays in the State. Fixed Gregorian holidays are certain; the Islamic (Hijri) holidays are movable, depend on moon-sighting, and are announced by the UAE Cabinet — the dates below are astronomical estimates and may shift by a day.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"u.ae (Official Platform of the UAE Government) — Public holidays, per Cabinet Resolution No. (27) of 2024: fixed holidays are Gregorian New Year (1 Jan), Commemoration Day (1 Dec) and National Day (2-3 Dec); Islamic holidays (Eid Al Fitr 4 days, Arafah Day + Eid Al Adha, Hijri New Year, Prophet's Birthday) follow the Hijri calendar and are set by moon-sighting","url":"https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/public-holidays-and-religious-affairs/public-holidays"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ae/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"CPI inflation (year-on-year)","description":"Headline national Consumer Price Index inflation, year-on-year percent, latest published national figure. Compiled by the Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre (FCSC) on a 2021=100 base; the national aggregate is published with a lag, while the individual emirates (Abu Dhabi/SCAD, Dubai/DSC) release more current emirate-level CPI.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-01","source":{"name":"Central Bank of the UAE — Quarterly Economic Review, June 2026 (GCC inflation section): 'the UAE's inflation stood at 2.0% Y-o-Y in December 2025'. Producer of the underlying series: Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre (FCSC), Consumer Price Index, base 2021=100","url":"https://www.centralbank.ae/media/rafjunsc/qer_june_2026.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ae/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate Tax (headline rate)","description":"Federal Corporate Tax on business profits under Federal Decree-Law No. (47) of 2022 on the Taxation of Corporations and Businesses, administered by the Federal Tax Authority. A NEW tax, effective for financial years starting on or after 1 June 2023: 0% on taxable income up to AED 375,000 and 9% above. This series carries the 9% headline rate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2023-06-01","source":{"name":"Federal Decree-Law No. (47) of 2022 on the Taxation of Corporations and Businesses, Article 3 — Corporate Tax imposed at 0% on the portion of taxable income not exceeding the amount set by Cabinet decision and 9% on the excess; the AED 375,000 threshold is fixed by Cabinet Decision No. (116) of 2022 (UAE Ministry of Finance, official English translation)","url":"https://mof.gov.ae/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Federal-Decree-Law-No.-47-of-2022-EN.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ae/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"Withholding tax the United Arab Emirates levies on payments to non-residents - dividends, interest and royalties - under the Corporate Tax regime of Federal Decree-Law No. 47 of 2022. The statutory rate is 0% on every category: the UAE currently imposes no withholding tax on any outbound payment. Administered by the Federal Tax Authority.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-08","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2023-06-01","source":{"name":"Federal Decree-Law No. 47 of 2022 on the Taxation of Corporations and Businesses, Article 45(1): 'The following income shall be subject to Withholding Tax at the rate of 0% (zero percent) or any other rate as specified in a decision issued by the Cabinet at the suggestion of the Minister: a) The categories of State Sourced Income derived by a Non-Resident Person as prescribed in the decision issued by the Cabinet pursuant to this Article...' (Ministry of Finance unofficial English translation)","url":"https://mof.gov.ae/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Federal-Decree-Law-No.-47-of-2022-EN.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ae/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory delay interest on commercial debts","description":"The UAE fixes no statutory interest rate: delay interest on commercial debts accrues as of right, but at the agreed rate or, failing agreement, the market rate at the time of the transaction subject only to a 9% ceiling — a cap, not a rate. Interest on civil (non-commercial) loans is void.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2023-01-02","source":{"name":"Commercial Transactions Law (Federal Decree-Law No. 50 of 2022) Art. 72: 'A creditor may receive an interest on a commercial loan, as per the rate of interest stipulated in the contract. If such rate is not stated in the contract, it shall be calculated according to the rate of interest prevailing in the market at the time of transaction, provided that it does not exceed (9%) up to the full repayment'; Art. 84: on delay in repaying a sum certain the debtor 'shall be bound to pay the creditors as compensation for the delay the interest provided for in Articles (72) and (73), unless otherwise agreed'","url":"https://assets.u.ae/api/public/content/79793d384f884bccb59171817ba1e9d4?v=a51ac7b6"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ae/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax","description":"Personal income tax on individuals' employment and other personal income. STRUCTURAL NULL — the UAE levies no personal income tax. There is no statute imposing tax on individuals' salaries or personal income.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"u.ae (Official Platform of the UAE Government), Taxation — the UAE does not levy income tax on individuals; the federal taxes in force are VAT (5%), excise tax and Corporate Tax on business profits (9%), none of which is a personal income tax","url":"https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/finance-and-investment/taxation"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ae/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in United Arab Emirates (AE): employee and employer shares of each statutory branch, with the ceilings and the instrument fixing each rate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-08","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2023-12-01","source":{"name":"Federal Decree-Law No. (57) of 2023 Concerning Pension and Social Security, Arts. 1 (definitions), 2 (scope), 3 (subscription controls), 4 (rates), 5 (subscription account salary, floor and ceiling) — Official Gazette No. 762, 31 Oct 2023. Federal Law No. (7) of 1999 Promulgating the Pensions and Social Security Law (as amended), Art. 1 (definition of \"The Subscription Account Salary\", private-sector floor/ceiling) and Art. 2 (rates) — Official Gazette No. 331, 28 Feb 1999. Federal Decree-Law No. (13) of 2022 Concerning Insurance Against Unemployment, Art. 3 (scope) — Official Gazette No. 736, 28 Sep 2022; Cabinet Resolution No. (97) of 2022 Concerning Mechanisms and Controls for Implementing the Unemployment Insurance Scheme, Arts. 1 (Subscription Salary), 2 (scope/exclusions), 6 (collection mechanism), 7 (subscription values) — Official Gazette No. 738, 31 Oct 2022. Abu Dhabi Law No. (18) of 2023 Amending Certain Provisions of Law No. (2) of 2000 Regarding Civil Retirement Pensions and Benefits in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, amending Art. 2 (definition of \"Wage (Pensionable Salary)\") and Art. 15 (contributions) — Abu Dhabi Official Gazette, 11th Edition, 1 Dec 2023. DIFC Employment Law, DIFC Law No. 2 of 2019 (as amended), Arts. 65 and 66(7)–(8).","url":"https://uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/legislations/2254"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ae/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"BD","name":"Bangladesh","currency":"BDT","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"Policy Rate (Repo)","description":"Bangladesh Bank's overnight repurchase agreement (repo) rate, the benchmark policy rate at the centre of the interest rate corridor.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2024-10-27","source":{"name":"Bangladesh Bank, Monetary Policy Statement H1FY27 (July-December 2026), Monetary Policy Department, issued 30 June 2026","url":"https://www.bb.org.bd/monetaryactivity/mps/mps_h1fy27.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bd/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value Added Tax (standard rate)","description":"Standard rate of VAT on taxable imports and taxable supplies in Bangladesh.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2019-07-01","source":{"name":"The Value Added Tax and Supplementary Duty Act, 2012 (Act No. 47 of 2012), section 15(3), as published by the National Board of Revenue","url":"https://nbr.gov.bd/uploads/acts/18.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bd/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT registration becomes compulsory in Bangladesh, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-01-09","source":{"name":"মূল্য সংযোজন কর ও সম্পূরক শুল্ক আইন, ২০১২ (VAT and Supplementary Duty Act, 2012, Act 47 of 2012), section 2(57) as consolidated on Laws of Bangladesh (bdlaws): \"'নিবন্ধন সীমা' অর্থ কোনো ব্যক্তির অর্থনৈতিক কার্যক্রমের টার্নওভার প্রতি ১২ (বার) মাস সময়ে ৫০ (পঞ্চাশ) লক্ষ টাকার সীমা\" (\"'registration threshold' means the limit of Taka 50 (fifty) lakh as the turnover of a person's economic activity in a 12 (twelve) month period\"); section 2(48): \"'তালিকাভুক্তি সীমা' অর্থ কোনো ব্যক্তির অর্থনৈতিক কার্যক্রমের টার্নওভার প্রতি ১২ (বার) মাস সময়ে ৩০ (ত্রিশ) লক্ষ টাকার সীমা\" (enlistment threshold: Taka 30 lakh per 12-month period). Current amounts substituted (from ৩ কোটি / ৫০ লক্ষ) by মূল্য সংযোজন কর ও সম্পূরক শুল্ক (সংশোধন) অধ্যাদেশ, ২০২৫ (VAT and SD (Amendment) Ordinance, 2025, Ordinance No. 1 of 2025), promulgated 9 January 2025. Registration duty on exceeding the threshold: s.4; enlistment for turnover tax: s.10 read with s.63.","url":"http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-1106/section-42295.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bd/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Minimum Wage","description":"Statutory minimum wage floor.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2006-10-11","source":{"name":"Bangladesh Labour Act, 2006 (Act No. XLII of 2006), Chapter XI, sections 138-149 (Minimum Wages Board), Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division; sectoral floors are declared by Ministry of Labour and Employment gazette notification","url":"http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-952.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bd/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public Holidays","description":"Government-declared public holidays for calendar year 2026 (general holidays plus holidays by executive order).","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Public Administration, Regulations Wing, Regulation-6 Branch, Prggapon (Notification) No. 05.00.0000.000.175.08.0008.25-17 dated 24 Kartik 1432 / 09 November 2025 - holiday list for the year 2026","url":"https://mopa.gov.bd/pages/public-holiday/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AC-%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8-2df487-694139b2a31054345f0e6346"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bd/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer Price Inflation","description":"National point-to-point (year-on-year) general consumer price inflation, base 2021-22 = 100.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-06-01","source":{"name":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, National Accounting Wing, Price and Wage Statistics Branch - Monthly Release on Price & Wage Statistics (CPI and WRI), June 2026, signed 06/07/2026","url":"https://objectstorage.ap-dcc-gazipur-1.oraclecloud15.com/n/axvjbnqprylg/b/V2Ministry/o/office-bbs/2026/6/a97d7f48-8468-4232-8db9-e4beed549a34.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bd/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate Income Tax (standard rate)","description":"Standard corporate income tax rate for a non-publicly-traded resident company.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"Finance Act, 2026 (Act No. 96 of 2026), assented 30 June 2026, published Bangladesh Gazette Extraordinary, 30 June 2026 - rate schedule for assessment year 2026-27, read with the Income Tax Act, 2023 (Act No. 12 of 2023)","url":"https://nbr.gov.bd/uploads/acts/Finance_Act_2026.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bd/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The tax Bangladesh deducts at source from payments to non-residents under section 119 of the Income Tax Act 2023 (আয়কর আইন, ২০২৩), which obliges the payer to deduct tax on any payment taxable to a non-resident at rates specified in the section's schedule, capped at 30% - dividends, interest, royalties and technical/professional fees mostly at 20%. Administered by the National Board of Revenue (NBR).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2023-06-22","source":{"name":"Income Tax Act 2023, section 119(1): 'the specified person or any other person responsible for making any payment to a non-resident which is taxable to the non-resident under this Act, shall, at the time of such payment... deduct or collect tax on the amount payable, not exceeding 30% (thirty per cent), as specified' - with the per-type schedule (dividend 20%/30%, interest 20%, royalty 20%, technical services 20%); Bengali original at NBR","url":"https://nbr.gov.bd/uploads/acts/Income_tax_act_2023.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bd/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory late-payment interest","description":"Bangladesh fixes no statutory or late-payment interest rate on money debts. Interest is a matter for the court's discretion under the Interest Act 1839 and section 34 of the Code of Civil Procedure 1908, with no statutory rate and no ceiling expressed as a number.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Code of Civil Procedure 1908 s. 34(1) as in force in Bangladesh: 'the Court may, in the decree, order interest at such rate as the Court deems reasonable to be paid on the principal sum adjudged, from the date of the suit to the date of the decree ... with further interest at such rate as the Court deems reasonable ... from the date of the decree to the date of payment'; Interest Act 1839 (Act No. XXXII of 1839) s. 1: the Court 'may, if it shall think fit, allow interest to the creditor at a rate not exceeding the current rate of interest'","url":"https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/bd/bd022en.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bd/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal Income Tax (progressive bands)","description":"Progressive personal income tax rate schedule for resident individuals, assessment year 2026-27.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"Finance Act, 2026 (Act No. 96 of 2026), assented 30 June 2026, published Bangladesh Gazette Extraordinary, 30 June 2026 - individual rate schedule for assessment year 2026-27, read with the Income Tax Act, 2023 (Act No. 12 of 2023)","url":"https://nbr.gov.bd/uploads/acts/Finance_Act_2026.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bd/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Statutory social-insurance contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Bangladesh (BD). NO CONTRIBUTORY SOCIAL-INSURANCE SCHEME EXISTS for ordinary private-sector employees: there is no state pension contribution, no social health insurance, no unemployment insurance and no work-injury insurance fund. What exists instead — a conditionally-mandatory provident fund, a termination gratuity, direct employer liability for work injury, a profit-based workers' fund and a voluntary national pension scheme — is set out in full in the notes, with the governing law for each.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Bangladesh Labour Act 2006 (Act No. XLII of 2006), s. 2(x) (definition of gratuity), Chapter XII (Workers' compensation for injury by accident), Chapter XV (Participation of workers in companies' profits), Chapter XVII ss. 264 to 273 (Provident funds), and s. 99 (group insurance) — text read from the International Labour Organization's published English text of the Act; Universal Pension Management Act 2023 with the Universal Pension Authority's published scheme descriptions (upension.gov.bd); Bangladesh Workers Welfare Foundation Act 2006.","url":"https://www.ilo.org/media/43266/download"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bd/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"BH","name":"Bahrain","currency":"BHD","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"CBB Key Policy Rate — one-week deposit rate","description":"The one-week deposit rate on the Central Bank of Bahrain's standing deposit facility. The CBB states explicitly on its Monetary Policy page that \"The 1-week deposit rate is the CBB Key Policy Rate\" — it is the designated policy rate, NOT the overnight deposit rate that CBB press releases headline. The CBB also runs an overnight deposit facility, a four-week deposit facility, overnight repo/secured lending and Islamic Wakalah/Commodity Murabaha equivalents. Because the Bahraini dinar is pegged to the US dollar at BHD 0.376 = USD 1 (effectively unchanged since 1980), the CBB has no independent monetary stance and moves its facility ladder in step with the US Federal Reserve.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-11","source":{"name":"Central Bank of Bahrain — Facilities & Interest Rates, Standing Facilities (BHD) table read 09 Aug 2026: One Week Deposit Rate 4.500, O/N Deposit Rate 4.250, 4-Week Deposit Rate 5.000, O/N Repo Rate 5.250; the 1-week deposit rate is designated the CBB Key Policy Rate on the CBB Monetary Policy page. Level set by the CBB decision of 10 Dec 2025 (25bps cut effective 11 Dec 2025)","url":"https://www.cbb.gov.bh/facilities-interest-rates/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bh/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value-added tax (VAT) — standard rate","description":"Standard rate of value-added tax under Decree-Law No. (48) of 2018 regarding VAT, administered by the National Bureau for Revenue (NBR). Bahrain implemented VAT under the GCC Unified Agreement for VAT and is the only GCC state to have doubled its rate from the 5% treaty baseline.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2022-01-01","source":{"name":"National Bureau for Revenue (NBR) — VAT FAQs, section 1 (General), Q1.1: 'VAT was introduced in the Kingdom of Bahrain on 1 January 2019 at a standard rate of 5% ... With effect from 1 January 2022, the standard rate of VAT has been amended to be 10%.' NBR page last updated 20 Jul 2026","url":"https://www.nbr.gov.bh/vat_faqs"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bh/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Bahrain, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2020-01-01","source":{"name":"National Bureau for Revenue (NBR), VAT General Guide, Version 1.13, s.3.2.2: a Bahrain-resident VATable person must register if 'The amount of his annual supplies during the previous 12 months exceeds BHD 37,500; or The amount of his annual supplies to be provided in the next 12 months is expected to exceed BHD 37,500', and for non-residents 'There is no minimum registration threshold for non-resident persons. Making a standard rated supply of BHD 1 to a non-registered customer will result in an obligation to register.' Legal basis: Decree-Law No. 48 of 2018 (VAT Law) and its Executive Regulations, implementing the GCC Unified VAT Agreement (mandatory threshold = SAR 375,000 equivalent; voluntary = half).","url":"https://www.nbr.gov.bh/vat_registration"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bh/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Statutory national minimum wage","description":"Statutory wage floor for workers. STRUCTURAL NULL — Bahrain has NO statutory minimum wage. Neither the Labour Law for the Private Sector (Law No. 36 of 2012) nor any subordinate instrument fixes a wage floor for private-sector, migrant or domestic workers; wages are set by the individual contract of employment.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-13","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Law No. (36) of 2012 Promulgating the Labour Law for the Private Sector — official consolidated text published by the Legislation and Legal Opinion Commission (LLOC), Kingdom of Bahrain (Official Gazette No. 3063, 2 Aug 2012). The wages chapter (Articles 38-49) regulates the currency, timing, place and protection of wage payment and, at Article 39, prohibits wage discrimination by sex, origin, language, religion or belief — but nowhere prescribes a minimum amount CITATION NOTE (2026-08-05): the LLOC path is case-sensitive - /En/ serves the law and /en/ returns 404. The previous citation differed only by that capital.","url":"https://www.lloc.gov.bh/En/Legislation/id/K3612"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bh/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Official public holidays","description":"Bahrain's official public holidays for calendar year 2026. Under Article 64 of the Labour Law for the Private Sector (Law No. 36 of 2012), workers are entitled to full pay on the feasts and official occasions DETERMINED BY A RESOLUTION OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS on the Minister's proposal — the list is set by Cabinet decision, not fixed in the statute. Four are fixed-Gregorian (New Year, Labour Day, National Day over two days); the rest are Hijri and move roughly 11 days earlier each Gregorian year, subject to moon sighting.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Central Bank of Bahrain — Official Bank Holidays 2026: New Year's Day 1 Jan; Eid Al Fitr 1447 20-22 Mar; Labour Day 1 May; Eid Al Adha 1447 27-29 May; Al Hijra New Year 1448 16 Jun; Ashoora 1448 24-25 Jun; Prophet's Birthday 1448 25 Aug; National Day 16-17 Dec. The page carries the CBB's own caveat that 'All Islamic holidays are subject to confirmation at the time'","url":"https://www.cbb.gov.bh/official-bank-holidays/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bh/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer Price Index (latest month)","description":"Bahrain's official monthly Consumer Price Index, general index (all items), base April 2019 = 100, compiled and published by the Information & eGovernment Authority (iGA) and released on the Bahrain Open Data Portal under COICOP classification by division and group.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"Optional land. Official Bahrain Open Data API dataset 01-consumer-price-index-division-and-group-index-number (base April 2019=100). All-items CPI index July 2026 = 104.0. Same series: May 2026=102.8, June 2026=103.7. This is the index level, not a YoY percent. August 2026 not in API at last_confirmed (2026 months present: Jan–Jul only).","url":"https://www.data.gov.bh/api/explore/v2.1/catalog/datasets/01-consumer-price-index-division-and-group-index-number/records?where=year%3E%3D%272026-01-01%27%20AND%20month%3D%2707%20July%27%20AND%20coicop_code%3D%270%27"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bh/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"General corporate income tax rate","description":"Standard rate of corporate income tax on business profits. STRUCTURAL NULL — Bahrain levies NO general corporate income tax. The only two corporate profit taxes on the statute book are sector-specific (hydrocarbons) and scope-limited (a Pillar Two top-up on very large multinational groups); neither is a general rate applicable to companies at large.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Bahrain Economic Development Board (the Kingdom's official investment promotion authority) — 'Bahrain's Tax-Free Business Environment': 'The government of Bahrain doesn't collect corporate taxes on businesses that do not work in the oil and gas industry'; corroborated by the National Bureau for Revenue, whose Laws & Executive Regulations index (site last updated 20 Jul 2026) covers VAT, Excise and DMTT only — there is no corporate income tax law for the NBR to administer","url":"https://www.bahrainedb.com/bahrain-pulse/advantages-0-corporate-income-taxes"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bh/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"Bahrain levies NO withholding tax on any payment to non-residents - dividends, interest and royalties all leave Bahrain gross. Bahrain has no general corporate income tax (only the oil and gas income tax under Amiri Decree 22/1979 and, from 2025, the Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax on large multinationals under Decree-Law 11/2024, neither of which contains any withholding mechanism). This record exists to state that absence with a citation.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries - Bahrain (reviewed 26 July 2026): 'There are no withholding taxes (WHTs) on the payment of dividends, interest, or royalties in Bahrain.'","url":"https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/bahrain/corporate/withholding-taxes"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bh/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Legal interest on commercial debts","description":"Bahrain's Law of Commerce entitles a creditor to delay interest on commercial debts at 'the legally applicable rate', but leaves that rate to be fixed by the central bank by notice — and no notice fixing a legal rate is published, so no number can be served.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Law of Commerce (Decree-Law No. 7 of 1987) Art. 76(4): 'Interest shall be calculated at the legally applicable rate unless a different rate is agreed upon, provided it shall not exceed the legally prescribed limits'; Art. 76(5): 'The Bahrain Monetary Agency shall, by a notice issued from time to time, determine the legal rate and the maximum rate of interest provided for in the preceding paragraph'; Art. 81(1) (as amended by Legislative Decree No. 4 of 1992): 'Interest for delay of payment of commercial debts shall accrue upon maturity of such debts, unless the law or the agreement provides otherwise'","url":"https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/bh/bh069en.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bh/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax","description":"Personal income tax on individuals. STRUCTURAL NULL — Bahrain imposes NO personal income tax on the salaries, wages, allowances or other income of individuals, whether Bahraini nationals or expatriate residents. No personal income tax law exists and no individual income-tax return is filed.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Bahrain Economic Development Board (official investment promotion authority) — 'Bahrain's Tax-Free Business Environment': income taxes are not charged in Bahrain and employees 'won't have to pay income taxes'; 'There are no wealth or capital gains taxes in Bahrain'. Corroborated by the National Bureau for Revenue, the Kingdom's sole tax authority, which administers only VAT, Excise and the DMTT (site last updated 20 Jul 2026) — no personal income tax is levied or collected","url":"https://www.bahrainedb.com/bahrain-pulse/advantages-0-corporate-income-taxes"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bh/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for a private-sector employee in Bahrain (BH): the contributory social-insurance branches, which apply in full ONLY to Bahraini nationals, the employment-injury and unemployment cover that reaches expatriates, and the SIO-administered end-of-service scheme that replaced the employer-paid gratuity for non-Bahrainis.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Social Insurance Organization (SIO), Kingdom of Bahrain — Social Insurance Law promulgated by Legislative Decree No. (24) of 1976, English text published by SIO, articles 11, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33 (old age, disability and death: employer 11%, insured 7%), 47 (employment injuries: employer 3%), 135, 148 and 149 read directly; Decision No. (109) of 2023 promulgating the Regulation of End of Service Remuneration for non-Bahrainis working in the private sector, full text published by SIO and read in full, articles 1 to 15 including article 5 (contribution rates 4.2% / 8.4%) and Article Four of the promulgating Decision (in force 1 March 2024); Law No. (78) of 2006 with respect to Insurance Against Unemployment and its amendments, as published by SIO, for the 1% insured / 1% employer / 1% Government financing; Law No. (68) of 2006 approving the Unified Regulation for extending insurance protection to GCC nationals working outside their own State; Private Sector Labour Law promulgated by Law No. (36) of 2012.","url":"https://www.sio.gov.bh/en/end-of-service-benefits"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/bh/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"CN","name":"China","currency":"CNY","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"PBOC Loan Prime Rate (1-year LPR / 贷款市场报价利率)","description":"Loan Prime Rate (贷款市场报价利率) published monthly — typically on the 20th, or the next working day — by the National Interbank Funding Centre (全国银行间同业拆借中心) on authorisation of the People's Bank of China. The 1-year LPR is served as the numeric value; the over-5-year LPR (mortgage benchmark) is recorded in notes when published alongside. This is the quoted lending benchmark for new RMB bank loans, not the PBOC's 7-day reverse-repo operation rate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-26","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-05-20","source":{"name":"中国人民银行授权全国银行间同业拆借中心公布，2026年8月20日贷款市场报价利率（LPR）为：1年期LPR为3.0%，5年期以上LPR为3.5%。以上LPR在下一次发布LPR之前有效。 (PBOC-authorised National Interbank Funding Centre LPR announcement, 20 Aug 2026)","url":"https://www.pbc.gov.cn/zhengcehuobisi/125207/125213/125440/3876551/2026082008353223017/index.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/cn/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"VAT standard rate (增值税基本税率)","description":"Standard-rate value-added tax on goods and most tangible-property leasing/imports, the highest of China's three general-taxpayer VAT brackets. Administered by the State Taxation Administration (国家税务总局); the underlying rate schedule (13% / 9% / 6%) was set in 2019 and codified by the Value-Added Tax Law of the PRC (中华人民共和国增值税法), effective 1 Jan 2026.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-23","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2019-04-01","source":{"name":"国家税务总局 (State Taxation Administration) — Tax System overview: '...the original 16% and 10% VAT rates were adjusted to 13% and 9% respectively to form the current three-level VAT rate schedule of 13%, 9% and 6%'; codified by 《中华人民共和国增值税法》 effective 1 Jan 2026","url":"https://fgk.chinatax.gov.cn/eng/c101270/c101271/c5157953/content.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/cn/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in China, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-05-01","source":{"name":"《中华人民共和国增值税法》第九条（2024年12月25日通过，自2026年1月1日起施行）：「本法所称小规模纳税人，是指年应征增值税销售额未超过五百万元的纳税人。」— VAT Law of the PRC, art. 9: 'a small-scale taxpayer means a taxpayer whose annual VAT-taxable sales do not exceed CNY 5,000,000'; read with 《增值税法实施条例》（国务院令第826号）第三十六条：「单位和个体工商户年应征增值税销售额超过小规模纳税人标准的，应当向主管税务机关办理一般纳税人登记」— Implementation Regulations, art. 36: entities and individual industrial and commercial households exceeding the small-scale standard shall register as general taxpayers.","url":"https://fgk.chinatax.gov.cn/zcfgk/c100009/c5237365/content.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/cn/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Minimum wage (no national rate — province-set; highest is Shanghai)","description":"STRUCTURAL: China has NO single national minimum wage. Under the Minimum Wage Regulations (最低工资规定, Ministry of Labour & Social Security Order No.21, 2004, administered by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security / MOHRSS), each province, autonomous region and municipality sets and revises its own minimum wage — commonly in multiple sub-provincial classes/tiers — on its own schedule. This series carries no national figure; the structure and the current national HIGHEST (Shanghai, monthly) are reported instead.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-23","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"上海市人力资源和社会保障局关于调整本市最低工资标准的通知 — 自2025年7月1日起，月最低工资标准由2690元调整为2740元，小时最低工资标准由24元调整为25元 (Shanghai MHRSS notice, 14 Jul 2025: from 1 Jul 2025 monthly minimum wage raised 2,690->2,740 yuan, hourly 24->25 yuan)","url":"https://rsj.sh.gov.cn/tgzfl_17732/20250714/t0035_1434097.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/cn/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays (国家法定节假日 + State Council annual arrangement)","description":"Statutory public holidays for the 2026 calendar year. China has 13 statutory paid holiday DAYS across seven holidays (per the State Council's Regulation on Public Holidays for National Annual Festivals and Memorial Days, as amended effective 2025). Each year the General Office of the State Council issues an arrangement notice that bundles these into longer consecutive breaks by borrowing adjacent weekends, offset by designated make-up WORKING weekend days (调休).","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-26","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"国务院办公厅关于2026年部分节假日安排的通知（国办发明电〔2025〕7号），2025年11月4日 (General Office of the State Council, Notice on the Arrangement of Public Holidays for 2026, Guo Ban Fa Ming Dian [2025] No. 7, issued 4 Nov 2025)","url":"https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/202511/content_7047090.htm"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/cn/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"CPI inflation (year-on-year, 居民消费价格指数)","description":"Headline national Consumer Price Index, year-on-year percent change, latest published month, from the National Bureau of Statistics (国家统计局). Released monthly, usually around the 9th of the following month.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"国家统计局 — 《2026年7月份居民消费价格同比上涨0.5%》（2026/08/09 09:30）：「2026年7月份，全国居民消费价格同比上涨0.5%。……7月份，全国居民消费价格环比下降0.1%。」","url":"https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/202608/t20260809_1965008.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/cn/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Enterprise Income Tax standard rate (企业所得税)","description":"Standard statutory Enterprise Income Tax (EIT) rate on resident-enterprise taxable profits, set by Article 4 of the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC (中华人民共和国企业所得税法), effective 1 Jan 2008. Administered by the State Taxation Administration (国家税务总局).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-23","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2008-01-01","source":{"name":"《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》第四条 — 企业所得税的税率为25% (Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC, Article 4: the EIT rate is 25%; effective 1 Jan 2008, integrating the former separate domestic- and foreign-enterprise regimes)","url":"https://fgk.chinatax.gov.cn/eng/c101270/c101271/c5157953/content.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/cn/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding enterprise income tax (预提所得税) China levies on China-sourced dividends, interest, royalties and similar passive income paid to non-resident enterprises without an establishment in China (or whose establishment is not effectively connected with the income). Statutory rate 20% under the Enterprise Income Tax Law, reduced to 10% by the Implementing Regulations. Withheld at source by the payer; administered by the State Taxation Administration.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2008-01-01","source":{"name":"Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC (中华人民共和国企业所得税法, as amended 2018-12-29), arts. 3(3), 4(2), 27(5), 37, and Implementing Regulations (企业所得税法实施条例, as amended 2024-12-06), art. 91 — both verified in the State Taxation Administration's official policy-and-regulation database (fgk.chinatax.gov.cn)","url":"https://fgk.chinatax.gov.cn/zcfgk/c100009/c5193018/content.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/cn/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory default interest (法定利率 / 逾期利息)","description":"Mainland China fixes no statutory default interest rate for money debts. The widely quoted four-times-LPR figure is a judicial protection CEILING on private lending rates, not a legal rate, and overdue payment on ordinary contracts is compensated at a judicially determined LPR-plus band.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"中华人民共和国民法典 (Civil Code) 第680条: '禁止高利放贷，借款利率不得违反国家有关规定。借款合同对支付利息没有约定的，视为没有利息' (usurious lending is prohibited; the lending rate must not contravene relevant State regulations; where a loan contract does not stipulate interest, it is deemed to bear none); 第676条: '借款人未按照约定的期限返还借款的，应当按照约定或者国家有关规定支付逾期利息' (a borrower who fails to repay by the agreed date shall pay overdue interest as agreed or as provided by relevant State regulations) — neither article states a rate","url":"http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c2/c30834/201912/t20191224_303797.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/cn/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Individual Income Tax — comprehensive-income brackets (个人所得税)","description":"Progressive Individual Income Tax (IIT) rate schedule for RESIDENT individuals' comprehensive income (综合所得: wages/salaries, personal-service income, author's remuneration, royalties), assessed on an ANNUAL consolidated basis. Seven marginal brackets from 3% to 45% on annual taxable income, per the Individual Income Tax Law of the PRC (中华人民共和国个人所得税法, 2018 revision effective 1 Jan 2019) and its rate schedule (Table 1). Administered by the State Taxation Administration.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-23","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2019-01-01","source":{"name":"《中华人民共和国个人所得税法》个人所得税税率表一（综合所得适用）— 全年应纳税所得额分七级：不超过36,000元 3%；36,000–144,000 10%；144,000–300,000 20%；300,000–420,000 25%；420,000–660,000 30%；660,000–960,000 35%；超过960,000 45% (IIT Law, Rate Table 1 for comprehensive income; 2018 revision effective 1 Jan 2019)","url":"https://fgk.chinatax.gov.cn/zcfgk/c100009/c5193028/content.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/cn/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in China (CN): employee and employer shares of each statutory branch of the 五险一金 (five insurances and one fund), with the ceilings and the instrument fixing each rate. RATES AND CONTRIBUTION BASES IN CHINA ARE SET CITY BY CITY, NOT NATIONALLY — SHANGHAI is served here as the named reference city, and the national framework and the extent of inter-city variation are stated in the notes.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-03-01","source":{"name":"中华人民共和国社会保险法 (Social Insurance Law of the PRC, 2010, amended 2018) arts. 10, 12, 23, 33, 35, 44, 45 and 53; 国务院办公厅关于印发降低社会保险费率综合方案的通知 (国办发〔2019〕13号); 人力资源社会保障部、财政部关于调整工伤保险费率政策的通知 (人社部发〔2015〕71号); 住房公积金管理条例 (State Council Order No. 350) arts. 16–18. SHANGHAI REFERENCE CITY: 上海市人力资源和社会保障局、上海市财政局、国家税务总局上海市税务局关于本市失业保险和工伤保险费率有关事项的通知 (沪人社规〔2024〕25号, 30 December 2024, in force 1 January 2025 to 31 December 2029); 关于继续阶段性降低本市职工基本医疗保险费费率的通知 (沪医保规〔2026〕2号, in force 1 March 2026 to 28 February 2027); Shanghai Municipal Human Resources and Social Security Bureau, 「本市调整2025年度社保缴费基数上下限」 (18 September 2025); 关于2025年度上海市调整住房公积金缴存基数、比例以及月缴存额上下限的通知 (Shanghai Housing Provident Fund Management Committee).","url":"https://ybj.sh.gov.cn/gfxwj/20260313/921e047144694b61b6df8ca0c5ef2cfc.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/cn/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"HK","name":"Hong Kong","currency":"HKD","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"HKMA Base Rate","description":"The Base Rate set by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority — the interest rate forming the foundation on which the Discount Rates for repurchase (repo) transactions through the Discount Window are computed. Under the Linked Exchange Rate System (currency board), it is not an independent policy decision: it is fixed by a pre-set formula that tracks the US federal funds target range, and is adjusted on the HKMA's own initiative immediately after each US FOMC move.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-11","source":{"name":"HKMA press release 'Adjustment of Base Rate', 11 December 2025 — Base Rate set at 4.00% with immediate effect according to the pre-set formula, following the US Fed's 25bp cut of 10 Dec 2025 (also mirrored on info.gov.hk P2025121100176p, 11 Dec 2025)","url":"https://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/news-and-media/press-releases/2025/12/20251211-3/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/hk/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value-added tax / GST","description":"Standard rate of any general value-added tax, goods and services tax (GST) or general sales tax. Hong Kong: STRUCTURAL NULL — Hong Kong levies no VAT, no GST and no general sales/consumption tax.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-23","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau (FSTB) — 'Prevailing Tax Policy': Hong Kong's tax regime has three direct taxes (profits tax, salaries tax, property tax) and 'There is no value-added or sales tax'","url":"https://www.fstb.gov.hk/en/treasury/general/prevailing-tax-policy.htm"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/hk/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Hong Kong, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau (HKSAR Government) — Prevailing Tax Policy: Hong Kong taxes only business profits, property rental income and employment income under its schedular system, and states in terms: \"There is no value-added or sales tax.\"","url":"https://www.fstb.gov.hk/en/treasury/general/prevailing-tax-policy.htm"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/hk/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Statutory Minimum Wage (SMW)","description":"The Statutory Minimum Wage, an HOURLY floor applying to most employees under the Minimum Wage Ordinance (Cap. 608). From 2024 the SMW moved from a biennial to an ANNUAL review, with the rate set each year by a published formula recommended by the Minimum Wage Commission and given effect by resolution/notice.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-05-01","source":{"name":"Labour Department — 'Statutory Minimum Wage': the SMW rate increased from $42.1 to $43.1 per hour with effect from 1 May 2026 (Minimum Wage Ordinance Cap. 608; first rate set under the new annual-review formula, recommended by the Minimum Wage Commission on 2 Feb 2026)","url":"https://www.labour.gov.hk/eng/public/content2_smw.htm"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/hk/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"General holidays","description":"General holidays for calendar year 2026 under the General Holidays Ordinance (Cap. 149), as published by the Government. NOTE: 'general holidays' (Cap. 149 — the bank/public holidays observed by banks, schools, government and the general public) are a DIFFERENT statutory category from 'statutory holidays' under the Employment Ordinance (Cap. 57) — see notes.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-23","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"GovHK 'General holidays for 2026' (General Holidays Ordinance Cap. 149; list gazetted 2025 and published by the Government)","url":"https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/holiday/2026.htm"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/hk/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Composite CPI inflation (year-on-year)","description":"Headline Composite Consumer Price Index, year-on-year percent change, latest published month, compiled and released monthly by the Census and Statistics Department (C&SD). The Composite CPI covers roughly 90% of households; the underlying rate nets out the effect of Government one-off relief measures.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-23","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-06-01","source":{"name":"Census and Statistics Department — 'Consumer Price Indices for June 2026', released 21 July 2026 (Composite CPI +2.0% YoY; underlying inflation +1.9%). C&SD Consumer Prices landing page; announcement also carried on the official news.gov.hk of 21 Jul 2026","url":"https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/scode270.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/hk/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Profits Tax rate (corporations)","description":"Profits Tax — the tax on assessable profits of businesses carrying on a trade, profession or business in Hong Kong. This series carries the standard/headline rate for CORPORATIONS. Profits Tax operates on a TWO-TIERED basis (a lower rate on the first tranche of profits, the standard rate above it) — see notes.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-23","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2008-04-01","source":{"name":"Inland Revenue Department — 'Profits Tax': normal rate for corporations 16.5% (from year of assessment 2008/09); two-tiered rates 8.25% on assessable profits up to $2,000,000 and 16.5% above (from year of assessment 2018/19). Inland Revenue Ordinance Cap. 112","url":"https://www.ird.gov.hk/eng/tax/bus_pft.htm"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/hk/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"Hong Kong's withholding position on payments to non-residents: no withholding tax at all on dividends or interest, and a deemed-profits charge on royalties for the use of intellectual property in (or, where deductible, outside) Hong Kong under Inland Revenue Ordinance (Cap. 112) ss. 15(1)(b)/(ba) and 21A, collected from the payer. Administered by the Inland Revenue Department.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-04-01","source":{"name":"FSTB, Prevailing Tax Policy: 'no withholding tax on dividends and interest'; IRD DIPN No. 22 (Taxation of Royalties and Other Income from Intellectual Properties) on IRO ss. 15(1)(b)/(ba) and 21A; IRD Profits Tax rates page (16.5% corporations from 2008/09; two-tiered 8.25%/16.5% from 2018/19)","url":"https://www.ird.gov.hk/eng/pdf/dipn22.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/hk/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory late-payment interest","description":"Hong Kong fixes no statutory or late-payment interest rate on unpaid debts. The only fixed figure is the Judiciary's judgment rate — 8.000% per annum from 1 July 2026, set quarterly by order of the Chief Justice — which attaches from the date of judgment, not to an overdue invoice.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"High Court Ordinance (Cap. 4) s. 49(1): 'judgment debts shall carry simple interest' from the date of judgment until satisfaction at such rate as the Chief Justice may determine by order (District Court Ordinance (Cap. 336) s. 50(1) to the same effect); Judiciary schedule of interest on judgments: 8.000% per annum with effect from 01-07-2026","url":"https://www.judiciary.hk/en/court_services_facilities/interest_rate.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/hk/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Salaries Tax (progressive rates)","description":"Salaries Tax — the tax on income from employment, office and pension arising in or derived from Hong Kong. Tax is the LOWER of (a) progressive rates on net chargeable income (income less deductions and allowances) or (b) the standard rate on net income (income less deductions, without allowances). This series serves the PROGRESSIVE bands; the standard-rate cap is documented in notes.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-23","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-04-01","source":{"name":"GovHK 'Tax Rates of Salaries Tax & Personal Assessment' / Inland Revenue Department — progressive rates 2%/6%/10%/14%/17% on successive $50,000 bands of net chargeable income (unchanged since year of assessment 2018/19); two-tiered standard rate 15%/16% from year of assessment 2024/25. Inland Revenue Ordinance Cap. 112","url":"https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/taxes/taxfiling/taxrates/salariesrates.htm"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/hk/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Hong Kong (HK): employee and employer shares of each statutory branch, with the ceilings and the instrument fixing each rate. Hong Kong has NO contributory social-insurance system in the continental sense — the only mandatory payroll contribution is the Mandatory Provident Fund, a privately-managed defined-contribution retirement scheme, and it is cash-capped at both ends.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2014-06-01","source":{"name":"Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance (Cap. 485) and the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes (General) Regulation (Cap. 485A), with Schedules 2 and 3 to the Ordinance fixing the minimum and maximum relevant income levels; Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Authority (MPFA), \"Mandatory Contributions — Employees\" contribution table and guidance; Employees' Compensation Ordinance (Cap. 282); Employment Ordinance (Cap. 57).","url":"https://www.mpfa.org.hk/en/mpf-system/mandatory-contributions/employees"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/hk/social-contributions"},{"id":"fx-reference","name":"HKMA official exchange rates","description":"Hong Kong's official daily exchange rates for the Hong Kong dollar, from the Hong Kong Monetary Authority Monthly Statistical Bulletin table 6.1.3 (Open API / data.gov.hk).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-08-31","source":{"name":"Hong Kong Monetary Authority — MSB table 6.1.3 daily figures, fix of 2026-08-31","url":"https://api.hkma.gov.hk/public/market-data-and-statistics/monthly-statistical-bulletin/er-ir/er-eeri-daily"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/hk/fx-reference"}]},{"country":"ID","name":"Indonesia","currency":"IDR","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"Policy Rate (BI-Rate)","description":"Bank Indonesia's benchmark monetary policy rate, set by the Board of Governors Meeting (Rapat Dewan Gubernur, RDG). Renamed from 'BI 7-Day Reverse Repo Rate (BI7DRR)' to 'BI-Rate' in December 2023; the underlying instrument (7-day reverse repo) is unchanged.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-12","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-06-18","source":{"name":"Bank Indonesia, BI-Rate statistical indicator table and Board of Governors Meeting (Rapat Dewan Gubernur) decision of 17-18 June 2026","url":"https://www.bi.go.id/en/statistik/indikator/bi-rate.aspx"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/id/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value Added Tax (Pajak Pertambahan Nilai, PPN)","description":"Indonesia's value added tax. The STATUTORY rate is 12%, but a Ministry of Finance regulation reduces the taxable base for all non-luxury supplies so that the effective burden remains 11%.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-01-01","source":{"name":"Undang-Undang No. 7 Tahun 2021 tentang Harmonisasi Peraturan Perpajakan (UU HPP), Pasal 7(1)(b), amending UU No. 8 Tahun 1983 tentang PPN; implemented by Peraturan Menteri Keuangan (PMK) No. 131 Tahun 2024, with the nilai-lain/besaran-tertentu rules consolidated by PMK No. 11 Tahun 2025","url":"https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/api/download/ad276b82-94bd-4197-b409-af33e2842cd6/2024pmkeuangan131.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/id/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Indonesia, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2014-01-01","source":{"name":"PMK 68/PMK.03/2010 s.t.d.d. PMK 197/PMK.03/2013, Pasal 1 ayat (1): \"Pengusaha kecil merupakan pengusaha yang selama 1 (satu) tahun buku melakukan penyerahan Barang Kena Pajak dan/atau Jasa Kena Pajak dengan jumlah peredaran bruto dan/atau penerimaan bruto tidak lebih dari Rp4.800.000.000,00\" ('a small entrepreneur is one whose gross turnover from supplies of taxable goods/services in one financial year does not exceed Rp4,800,000,000'), in force 1 January 2014. Still in force 2026: PMK 164 Tahun 2023 Pasal 24 huruf a revoked only Pasal 4 and 5 of the 2010/2013 PMK — Pasal 1, fixing the figure, was not revoked. Enabling provision: UU PPN Pasal 3A ayat (1) ('kecuali pengusaha kecil yang batasannya ditetapkan oleh Menteri Keuangan'), untouched by UU 7/2021 (HPP).","url":"https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/api/download/fulltext/2013/197~PMK.03~2013Per.htm"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/id/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Minimum Wage (Upah Minimum)","description":"Indonesia has NO single national minimum wage. Each province sets a provincial minimum (UMP) by governor's decree, with optional higher district/city minimums (UMK) and sectoral minimums (UMSP/UMSK). The value served is the LOWEST provincial UMP in force.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Keputusan Gubernur Jawa Barat No. 561/Kep.859-Kesra/2025 tentang Upah Minimum Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun 2026 (announced/signed 24 December 2025), issued under Peraturan Pemerintah No. 49 Tahun 2025 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas PP No. 36 Tahun 2021 tentang Pengupahan","url":"https://jdih.kemnaker.go.id/asset/data_puu/2025pp0049.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/id/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public Holidays (Hari Libur Nasional)","description":"Statutory national public holidays for calendar year 2026, fixed annually by a Joint Decree (Surat Keputusan Bersama, SKB) of three ministers.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Surat Keputusan Bersama (SKB) 3 Menteri — Menteri Agama No. 1497 Tahun 2025, Menteri Ketenagakerjaan No. 2 Tahun 2025, Menteri PANRB No. 5 Tahun 2025, tentang Hari Libur Nasional dan Cuti Bersama Tahun 2026","url":"https://www.kemenkopmk.go.id/sites/default/files/pengumuman/2025-09/SKB%20Libur%20Nasional%20dan%20Cuti%20Bersama%20Tahun%202026.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/id/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer Price Index Inflation (Inflasi IHK)","description":"Headline year-on-year consumer price inflation measured by the Indeks Harga Konsumen (IHK), published monthly by Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS-Statistics Indonesia).","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"BPS Berita Resmi Statistik (3 August 2026): 'Inflasi year-on-year (y-on-y) pada Juli 2026 sebesar 2,88 persen' — IHK index 111.73; core (inti) 2.76% y-on-y; month-to-month deflation 0.14%","url":"https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2026/08/03/2601/inflasi-year-on-year--y-on-y--pada-juli-2026-sebesar-2-88-persen-.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/id/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate Income Tax (Pajak Penghasilan Badan)","description":"Standard headline corporate income tax rate on the taxable profits of resident corporate taxpayers and permanent establishments.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-31","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2020-01-01","source":{"name":"Two instruments, one continuous rate. Perpu 1/2020 (enacted as UU 2/2020), Pasal 5, reduced the corporate rate from 25% to 22% for Tax Year 2020 and Tax Year 2021 and scheduled 20% from Tax Year 2022; Undang-Undang No. 7 Tahun 2021 (UU HPP), amending Pasal 17 ayat (1) huruf b UU PPh, cancelled that second step and fixed the rate at 22% from Tax Year 2022 onward. The rate has therefore been 22% without interruption since Tax Year 2020, which is what effective_from records.","url":"https://www.pajak.go.id/sites/default/files/2021-12/Salinan%20UU%20Nomor%207%20Tahun%202021.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/id/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The final withholding tax Indonesia levies under Article 26 of the Income Tax Law (Pajak Penghasilan Pasal 26, PPh 26) on Indonesian-source payments to foreign taxpayers without a permanent establishment - dividends, interest, royalties, service fees and a list of other income types - at a single domestic statutory rate before any tax-treaty relief. Administered by the Directorate General of Taxes (Direktorat Jenderal Pajak, DJP).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","source":{"name":"Direktorat Jenderal Pajak (DJP) - Income Tax Article 26 (Income Tax for Foreign Taxpayers): rate stated as '20%/Tax Treaty Rate x Gross Income' on dividends, interest (including premiums, discounts and guarantee fees), royalties, rents, payments for asset utilization, income from services, works and activities, prizes and awards, pensions and periodic payments, swap premiums and gains from debt write-off; legal basis 'Income Tax Laws Article 26 paragraph (1)'; where no treaty rate applies 'the applicable Article 26 Income Tax rate is 20%'","url":"https://www.pajak.go.id/en/income-tax-article-26-income-tax-foreign-taxpayers"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/id/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory default interest (bunga moratoir)","description":"Indonesia's statutory default interest on money debts: 6% per annum, fixed by Staatsblad 1848 No. 22 and applied through Article 1250 of the Civil Code (KUHPerdata), unchanged since the Code entered into force in 1848 and still awarded by the courts.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"1848-05-01","source":{"name":"KUHPerdata (Burgerlijk Wetboek voor Indonesië) Pasal 1250 ayat (1): 'Dalam perikatan yang hanya berhubungan dengan pembayaran sejumlah uang, penggantian biaya, kerugian dan bunga yang timbul karena keterlambatan pelaksanaannya, hanya terdiri atas bunga yang ditentukan oleh undang-undang' (in an obligation solely for the payment of a sum of money, the compensation for costs, loss and interest arising from late performance consists only of the interest fixed by law); ayat (2): it is payable 'tanpa perlu dibuktikan adanya suatu kerugian oleh kreditur' (without the creditor having to prove any loss); the interest fixed by law is 6% per annum under Staatsblad 1848 No. 22","url":"https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Halaman:KUHPerdata.pdf/226"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/id/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal Income Tax (Pajak Penghasilan Orang Pribadi, PPh OP)","description":"Progressive annual income tax brackets applicable to resident individual taxpayers, applied to annual taxable income (Penghasilan Kena Pajak) after deduction of the personal allowance (PTKP).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2022-01-01","source":{"name":"Undang-Undang No. 7 Tahun 2021 tentang Harmonisasi Peraturan Perpajakan (UU HPP), amending Pasal 17 ayat (1) huruf a Undang-Undang No. 7 Tahun 1983 tentang Pajak Penghasilan","url":"https://www.pajak.go.id/sites/default/files/2021-12/Salinan%20UU%20Nomor%207%20Tahun%202021.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/id/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Indonesia (ID): employee and employer shares of the five BPJS Ketenagakerjaan programmes (JHT, JP, JKK, JKM, JKP) and BPJS Kesehatan health insurance, with the ceilings and the instrument fixing each rate. EACH PROGRAMME HAS ITS OWN CEILING OR NONE AT ALL — there is no single Indonesian contribution cap.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2026-03-01","source":{"name":"Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 45 Tahun 2015 tentang Penyelenggaraan Program Jaminan Pensiun, arts. 18(3), 29(3) and 29(4); BPJS Ketenagakerjaan circular Nomor B/1226/022026, 25 February 2026, \"Ketentuan Batas Upah dan Manfaat Jaminan Pensiun Tahun 2026\" (read in full); Badan Pusat Statistik, Berita Resmi No. 18/02/Th. XXIX of 5 February 2026 (2025 GDP growth 5.11%) and Berita Resmi No. 01/01/Th. XXIX of 5 January 2026 (2025 inflation 2.92%); Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 46 Tahun 2015 as amended by Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 60 Tahun 2015 (Jaminan Hari Tua); Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 44 Tahun 2015 (Jaminan Kecelakaan Kerja and Jaminan Kematian); Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 37 Tahun 2021 (Jaminan Kehilangan Pekerjaan); Peraturan Presiden Nomor 82 Tahun 2018 tentang Jaminan Kesehatan, as amended.","url":"https://www.bpjsketenagakerjaan.go.id/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/id/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"IL","name":"Israel","currency":"ILS","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"Bank of Israel interest rate","description":"The Bank of Israel interest rate (ריבית בנק ישראל) — the central bank's headline policy rate, decided by the Monetary Committee (הוועדה המוניטרית) established under the Bank of Israel Law, 5770-2010, at eight scheduled decisions a year published at 16:00 on the announcement date. A new rate does not apply on the announcement day: it takes effect at the start of the next reserve-maintenance period, which for a Monday announcement is the following Thursday.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-09","source":{"name":"Bank of Israel press release, 'The Monetary Committee decides on July 6, 2026 to lower the interest rate to 3.5 percent.' (06/07/2026); effective date 09/07/2026 per the BoI 'Interest rate announcement dates 2026' table (Maintenance period Start Date column)","url":"https://www.boi.org.il/en/communication-and-publications/press-releases/the-monetary-committee-decides-on-july-6-2026-to-lower-the-interest-rate-to-35-percent/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/il/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"VAT standard rate (מס ערך מוסף)","description":"Standard rate of Israeli value added tax on a transaction in Israel and on the importation of goods. Under the Value Added Tax Law, 5736-1975, the rate is not fixed in the primary statute: it is 'a single proportion of the price of the transaction or of the goods, as prescribed by the Minister of Finance by order after consultation with the Knesset Finance Committee', so it changes by Ministerial Order (צו מס ערך מוסף (שיעור המס על עסקה ועל יבוא טובין)) ratified by the Finance Committee and approved in the Knesset plenum.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-01-01","source":{"name":"Israel Tax Authority, 'היסטורית שיעורי מס ערך מוסף' (VAT rate history database page, updated 26.12.2024): '1.1.25 עלה המע\"מ ל-18%'. Instrument: Value Added Tax Order (Tax Rate for Transaction and Import of Goods) (Amendment), 2024, approved by the Knesset Plenum on 12 March 2024 (47 in favour, 29 against) after ratification by the Finance Committee","url":"https://www.gov.il/he/pages/vat-history"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/il/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Israel, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"רשות המסים בישראל — סכומים ושיעורים במע\"מ (Israel Tax Authority, VAT amounts and rates): osek patur ceiling ILS 122,833 for 2026; statutory base in Value Added Tax Law 5736-1975 s.1: \"עוסק שמחזור העסקאות שלו בכל עסקיו אינו עולה על 120,000 שקלים חדשים לשנה\" ('a dealer whose transaction turnover in all his businesses does not exceed NIS 120,000 a year'), CPI-indexed each 1 January.","url":"https://www.gov.il/he/departments/general/vat-rate-amount-new"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/il/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"National minimum wage","description":"Israel's single national statutory minimum wage under the Minimum Wage Law, 5747-1987 (חוק שכר מינימום, התשמ\"ז-1987). There are no regional or occupational tiers in the national floor; the law fixes a monthly amount for monthly-paid employees, with derived hourly and daily equivalents, and it is uprated with effect from 1 April, signed off by the Minister of Labour, with the operative amounts published by the National Insurance Institute (המוסד לביטוח לאומי).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-04-01","source":{"name":"National Insurance Institute of Israel — 'שכר מינימום – נתונים כלליים' / 'Minimum Wage – General Information': שכר חודשי 6,443.85 ש\"ח (החל ב-01.04.2026); שכר לשעה בהיקף 182 שעות 35.4 ש\"ח; בהיקף 186 שעות 34.64 ש\"ח; שכר יומי 297.4 ש\"ח (5 ימים) / 257.75 ש\"ח (6 ימים)","url":"https://www.btl.gov.il/Mediniyut/GeneralData/Pages/%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%A8%20%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9D.aspx"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/il/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Israel's official days of rest for calendar year 2026. The nine statutory rest days are the Jewish festivals listed in section 18A of the Law and Administration Ordinance, 5708-1948 (two days of Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, the first and eighth days of Sukkot, the first and seventh days of Passover, Shavuot) plus Independence Day under the Independence Day Law, 5709-1949. Every one of these is fixed by the HEBREW lunisolar calendar, so the Gregorian dates move by roughly two to three weeks from year to year and this list must be regenerated annually.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Bank of Israel, Payment and Settlement Systems Department — 'מערכת זה\"ב (ZAHAV RTGS) – ימי פעילות לשנת 2026', the official Gregorian dating of each 2026 Israeli holiday and holiday eve for the national payment system; cross-checked against the Civil Service Commission circular 26/2025 'ימי מועד, ימי בחירה וימי עבודה מקוצרים לשנת 2026' (published 11.11.2025, updated 08.06.2026), which is the government's own statement of which 2026 dates are days off","url":"https://www.boi.org.il/media/snlbnev0/zahav-holidays-2026-heb.xlsx"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/il/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"CPI inflation (year-on-year)","description":"Headline consumer price inflation, year-on-year percent, latest published month. Produced by the Central Bureau of Statistics (הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה), which publishes the CPI on the 15th of each month at 18:30 for the preceding month. Index base 2024 = 100.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-21","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"Bank of Israel Data Portal (SDMX), dataflow BOI.STATISTICS:PRI(1.0), series CP_PCHYTY 'מדד המחירים לצרכן – כללי, שינוי ב-12 החודשים האחרונים', observation 2026-07 = 1.5458937198 (series metadata DATA_SOURCE = CBS); CBS release 'Consumer Price Index for July 2026', published Friday 14 August 2026 — index 105.1 (base 2024=100), MoM +0.3% (CP_PCH 2026-07 = 0.2863), twelve-month change 1.5%: 'For the twelve months to the end of July, the rate of inflation was 1.5%' (Globes, 14 Aug 2026, reporting the CBS release)","url":"https://edge.boi.gov.il/FusionEdgeServer/sdmx/v2/data/dataflow/BOI.STATISTICS/PRI/1.0/CP_PCHYTY?startPeriod=2026-07&format=csv"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/il/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax rate","description":"The standard rate of Israeli corporate income tax (מס חברות) on the taxable income of a body of persons, fixed in section 126(a) of the Income Tax Ordinance [New Version], 5721-1961. It is a flat, non-progressive rate with no small-company band.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-01-01","source":{"name":"Income Tax Ordinance [New Version], 5721-1961, section 126(a) — 'מס חברות ... 23%' — consolidated text published by the Israel Tax Authority on gov.il; the section carries Amendment No. 234 of 5776/2016 (the Economic Efficiency Law (Legislative Amendments for Achieving the Budget Targets for Budget Years 2017 and 2018)), which is the instrument that set the current rate","url":"https://www.gov.il/he/pages/law_pkudat_mas_hachnasa"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/il/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding taxes Israel levies on payments to foreign residents - dividends, interest and royalties/other chargeable payments - each at its domestic statutory rate before any double-tax agreement relief. Levied under the Income Tax Ordinance (pkudat mas hachnasa): s. 125B (dividends), s. 125C (interest), s. 126 (corporate rate), and the withholding mechanics of ss. 164/170 with the Income Tax Regulations (Deduction from Interest, Dividend and Certain Profits) 5766-2005 and (Deduction from Payments to a Foreign Resident) 5753-1992. Administered by the Israel Tax Authority.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2018-01-01","source":{"name":"Income Tax Ordinance [New Version], per-section: s. 125B dividends - '(1) דיבידנד בידי יחיד – 25%; ... (5) דיבידנד בידי חבר־בני־אדם שהוא תושב חוץ – 25%, ואולם אם היה ... בעל מניות מהותי ... – 30%' ('dividend in the hands of an individual - 25%; ... dividend in the hands of a foreign-resident body of persons - 25%, but if it was a substantial shareholder ... - 30%'); s. 125C interest - individual 25%, unlinked asset 15%; s. 126(a) corporate tax 23%; s. 170(a) withholding from payments to non-residents - 25% for an individual, corporate rate for a body of persons (full consolidated Hebrew text)","url":"https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%94"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/il/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory interest (ריבית שקלית, Adjudication of Interest and Linkage Law)","description":"Israel's statutory interest on unlinked shekel money awards under the Adjudication of Interest and Linkage Law 5721-1961: a quarterly rate fixed by the Finance Minister and published by the Accountant General — 5.74% per annum for the quarter beginning 1 July 2026, with separate arrears fees of 4.87% on top.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"Adjudication of Interest and Linkage Law 5721-1961, s. 5c (added by Amendment No. 9, 5784-2023): 'שר האוצר, בהתייעצות עם שר המשפטים ועם נגיד בנק ישראל ובאישור ועדת הכספים של הכנסת, יקבע בתקנות את השיעורים במונחים שנתיים, דרך חישובם ואופן פרסומם מדי רבעון של כל אלה: (1) ריבית שקלית; (2) ריבית צמודה; (3) דמי פיגורים' (the Finance Minister, in consultation with the Justice Minister and the Governor of the Bank of Israel and with the approval of the Knesset Finance Committee, shall fix by regulations the annualised rates, their method of calculation and their quarterly publication, of: shekel interest, linked interest, and arrears fees); Accountant General publication for the quarter from 1 July 2026: ריבית שקלית 5.74%, ריבית צמודה 4.14%, דמי פיגורים 4.87%","url":"https://ga.mof.gov.il/rate"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/il/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax brackets","description":"Statutory marginal income tax rates for resident individuals on income from personal exertion (הכנסה מיגיעה אישית — employment, business and profession), under section 121 of the Income Tax Ordinance [New Version], 5721-1961. Amounts are annual New Israeli Shekels for tax year 2026; the Israel Tax Authority publishes the equivalent monthly and daily tables in its annual deductions booklet.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Israel Tax Authority, 'לוח עזר לחישוב מס הכנסה ממשכורת ושכר עבודה לחודש ינואר 2026 ואילך', reissued and updated April 2026, chapter ב 'שיעורי מס הכנסה' — the annual table 'לאחר חוק ריווח מדרגות מס הכנסה'. Legal basis: section 121 of the Income Tax Ordinance as amended on 31.3.2026 by the Economic Efficiency Law (Legislative Amendments for Achieving the Budget Targets for Budget Year 2026), 5786-2026, chapter ג (ריווח מדרגות מס הכנסה), applying retroactively from 1 January 2026","url":"https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/generalpage/income-tax-monthly-deductions-booklet/he/generalInformation_income-tax-monthly-deductions-booklet_monthly-deductions-booklet-2026.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/il/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Israel (IL): National Insurance (Bituach Leumi) and health-insurance contributions, which are BANDED — a reduced rate on the first slice of pay and a full rate above it up to a ceiling — plus the mandatory pension contribution imposed by extension order.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"המוסד לביטוח לאומי (National Insurance Institute of Israel), rate page « שיעורי וסכומי דמי ביטוח — לעובדים שכירים » — read in full, including the header « שיעורי דמי ביטוח לאומי ודמי ביטוח בריאות עבור עובדים שכירים מגיל 18 עד גיל הפרישה באחוזים מהשכר (החל ב- 01.02.2025) », the two band-column headings giving 7,703 ש\"ח and 51,910 ש\"ח both « החל ב- 01.01.2026 », the National Insurance and health rows with their individual effective dates, the totals row (4.51 / 4.27 / 8.78 reduced; 7.6 / 12.17 / 19.77 full), the statement « ההכנסה המרבית מתעדכנת לפי עליית שיעור המדד בינואר כל שנה », and the full Form 102 column table of rate variants by employee category. Statutory bases: National Insurance Law [Consolidated Version], 5755-1995 and National Health Insurance Law, 5754-1994. Mandatory pension: the general extension order for comprehensive pension insurance in the economy, as amended.","url":"https://www.btl.gov.il/Insurance/Rates/Pages/%d7%9c%d7%a2%d7%95%d7%91%d7%93%d7%99%d7%9d%20%d7%a9%d7%9b%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%99%d7%9d.aspx"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/il/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"IN","name":"India","currency":"INR","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"RBI policy repo rate","description":"Policy repo rate under the Liquidity Adjustment Facility, set by the Reserve Bank of India's Monetary Policy Committee (six scheduled bi-monthly meetings per year).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-05","source":{"name":"Reserve Bank of India, Monetary Policy Statement 2025-26 — Resolution of the Monetary Policy Committee (58th meeting, December 3-5, 2025), press release of 5 December 2025. Level reaffirmed without change by the Monetary Policy Statement, 2026-27 — Resolution of the Monetary Policy Committee, meeting of 3 to 5 August 2026: the MPC unanimously kept the policy repo rate at 5.25 per cent and retained the neutral stance (SDF 5.00 per cent, MSF and Bank Rate 5.50 per cent), as displayed on the RBI home page policy-rates block.","url":"https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=61749"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/in/policy-rate"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory late-payment interest","description":"India fixes no general statutory or late-payment interest rate — court discretion under the Interest Act 1978 and CPC s. 34 — with one scoped exception: MSMED Act s. 16 late payments to micro and small enterprises at three times the RBI Bank Rate, compound monthly.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"MSMED Act 2006, s. 16: 'the buyer shall... be liable to pay compound interest with monthly rests to the supplier... at three times of the bank rate notified by the Reserve Bank'; Interest Act 1978 and CPC 1908 s. 34 leave general interest to judicial discretion","url":"https://www.rbi.org.in/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/in/statutory-interest"},{"id":"vat","name":"GST standard rate","description":"Goods and Services Tax standard rate. India's GST was rationalised in September 2025 ('GST 2.0') into a two-rate structure — Standard 18%, Merit 5% — plus a 40% de-merit rate; 18% is the official Standard Rate served here.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-09-22","source":{"name":"Recommendations of the 56th Meeting of the GST Council, PIB press release, 3 September 2025 (official PDF hosted by the GST Council Secretariat); implemented by Notification No. 9/2025-Central Tax (Rate) dated 17 September 2025, w.e.f. 22 September 2025","url":"https://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/2025-09/press_release_press_information_bureau_0.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/in/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in India, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-08","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2017-07-01","source":{"name":"CBIC (Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs) consolidated CGST Act PDF, s. 22(1): 'liable to be registered ... if his aggregate turnover in a financial year exceeds twenty lakh rupees'; s. 24: 'the following categories of persons shall be required to be registered ... (v) non-resident taxable persons making taxable supply ... (xi) every person supplying online information and database access or retrieval services from a place outside India to a person in India, other than a registered person'. Notification 10/2019-CT verbatim: 'exclusive supply of goods and whose aggregate turnover in the financial year does not exceed forty lakh rupees ... shall come into force on the 1st day of April, 2019' (mirror on Kerala GST dept site; CBIC original URL now 404s).","url":"https://cbic-gst.gov.in/pdf/CGST-Act-Updated-30092020.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/in/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Minimum wage","description":"National statutory minimum wage. India has no single national minimum wage; wages are set as a matrix of central-sphere and state rates per employment, skill level and area. Served as a structural null with the mechanism documented.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-07","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-11-21","source":{"name":"Gazette of India (Extraordinary, Part II—Sec. 3(ii), No. 5146, CG-DL-E-21112025-267885) — Ministry of Labour and Employment notification S.O. 5322(E) of 21 November 2025 bringing sections 1 to 41 of the Code on Wages, 2019 (29 of 2019) — including Chapter II, Minimum Wages, ss. 5–14 — into force on 21 November 2025; under s.6 minimum wages are fixed by each 'appropriate Government' (Centre and every State), so no single national statutory rate exists","url":"https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2025/267885.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/in/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Gazetted (closed) holidays observed in Central Government offices for calendar 2026 per the DoPT annual holiday Office Memorandum — the canonical national list; states and private-sector holidays vary.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Department of Personnel & Training (DoPT) O.M. F.No.12/2/2023-JCA dated 03 July 2025 — holidays to be observed in Central Government offices during the year 2026; official scanned reproduction (CGEWCC) hosted on dfe.gov.in, cross-checked against the DoPT Delhi/New Delhi list","url":"https://dfe.gov.in/uploads/documents/list-of-gazetted-holidays-2026.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/in/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"CPI inflation (year-on-year)","description":"All-India Consumer Price Index (Combined, rural+urban) year-on-year inflation, base 2024=100, published monthly by the National Statistics Office, MoSPI.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-21","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"MoSPI/NSO, 'Press Release of Consumer Price Index on Base 2024=100 for July, 2026', released 12 August 2026 (provisional): 'Year-on-year inflation rate based on All India Consumer Price Index (CPI) with base year 2024 for the month of July, 2026 over July, 2025 is 4.45% (Provisional).'","url":"https://www.mospi.gov.in/uploads/latestReleases/latest_release_1786529680747_3113661d-1a2b-4b9a-af06-b340193ef9a0_Press_Release_CPI_July_2026.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/in/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax rate","description":"Headline corporate income tax rate for domestic companies — the 22% concessional flat regime (s.115BAA of the Income-tax Act, 1961; re-enacted as s.200 of the Income-tax Act, 2025) that most companies have elected; effective 25.17% with surcharge and cess.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2019-09-20","source":{"name":"Income Tax Department e-filing portal, 'Domestic Company for AY 2026-27' (rates under the Income-tax Act; s.115BAA regime introduced by the Taxation Laws (Amendment) Act, 2019 w.e.f. 20-09-2019, re-enacted as s.200 of the Income-tax Act, 2025; continued unchanged by Finance Act, 2026)","url":"https://www.incometax.gov.in/iec/foportal/help/company/return-applicable"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/in/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The taxes India levies on dividends, interest, royalties and fees for technical services (FTS) earned by non-residents and foreign companies - historically section 115A of the Income-tax Act 1961, carried forward as section 207 of the Income-tax Act 2025 which replaced the 1961 Act from 1 April 2026 - collected by deduction at source under the withholding provisions. Base rates are increased by surcharge and 4% health and education cess. Administered by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) / Income Tax Department.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2026-04-01","source":{"name":"Income-tax Act 2025 (Act 30 of 2025, assented 21 August 2025, in force 1 April 2026), section 207 - successor to Income-tax Act 1961 s.115A: dividends 20% (10% for IFSC-unit dividends), interest on foreign-currency borrowings from Government or an Indian concern 20%, infrastructure-debt-fund interest 5%, royalties and fees for technical services 20%","url":"https://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/documents/d/guest/income_tax_act_2025_as_amended_by_fa_act_2026-pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/in/withholding-tax"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax bands","description":"Resident individual income tax slabs under the default new regime (s.115BAC of the 1961 Act; s.202 of the Income-tax Act, 2025), annual taxable income in INR. Old regime remains optional.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-04-01","source":{"name":"Income Tax Department e-filing portal, individual tax-rates help page for AY 2026-27 (new regime slabs enacted by Finance Act, 2025; carried into the Income-tax Act, 2025 (s.202) and continued unchanged by Finance Act, 2026 for tax year 2026-27)","url":"https://www.incometax.gov.in/iec/foportal/help/individual/return-applicable-1"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/in/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in India (IN): employee and employer shares of each statutory branch, with the ceilings and the instrument fixing each rate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-08","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-06-29","source":{"name":"Code on Social Security, 2020 (Act 36 of 2020), ss. 2(26) first proviso, 2(88), 2(89), 15, 16(1)(a)–(c), 29, 31, 59–65, 100, 164 and the First Schedule; Social Security (Central) Rules, 2026, G.S.R. 344(E) dated 8 May 2026, rule 19 (ESI contribution rates) — read verbatim; Employees' Provident Funds Scheme, 2026, G.S.R. 525(E), Gazette of India Extraordinary Part II s.3(i) No. 473 dated 29 June 2026 (e-gazette CG-DL-E-01072026-273957), paras 1(2), 2(f), 2(j), 9(4)–(6), 18(2)–(5), 19(3), 20–23, 28(2), 29(1)–(2) — read verbatim; Employees' Pension Scheme, 2026, G.S.R. 527(E), No. 475 dated 29 June 2026 (CG-DL-E-30062026-273951), paras 1(2), 4(1)–(3), 7 — read verbatim; Employees' Deposit-Linked Insurance Scheme, 2026, G.S.R. 526(E), No. 474 dated 29 June 2026 (CG-DL-E-30062026-273942), paras 1(2), 5(1)–(3), 8 — read verbatim; S.O. 2702(E) dated 29 May 2026 (CG-DL-E-30052026-273002, F. No. R-12025/01/2026-SS-II) fixing the Chapter III wage ceiling at INR 15,000/month — read verbatim; S.O. 2351(E) dated 8 May 2026 (F. No. R-19025/17/2026-SS-I) on Chapter IV mid-period continuation — read verbatim; S.O. 2322(E) dated 8 May 2026 (CG-DL-E-09052026-272359, F. No. Z-20012/09/2025-BOCW) fixing the building and other construction workers' cess at 1% of cost of construction — read verbatim; S.O. 3582(E), S.O. 3580(E) and S.O. 3581(E), all dated 1 July 2026, notifying respectively the 12% provident fund rate, the 8.33% pension rate and the 0.50% EDLI rate for Chapter III (secondary — see caveats); S.O. 2698(E) dated 29 May 2026 (12% p.a. interest on delayed contributions, w.e.f. 21 Nov 2025); commencement S.O. 5319(E) dated 21 Nov 2025 as corrected by corrigendum S.O. 5936(E) dated 19 Dec 2025, with s. 16(1)(a),(b) and 16(2) already commenced by S.O. 2060(E) dated 3 May 2023.","url":"https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/view-casepdf?type=act&id=AC_CEN_6_0_00036_202036_1623221080799"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/in/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"IQ","name":"Iraq","currency":"IQD","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"CBI Policy Rate (سعر السياسة النقدية)","description":"The Central Bank of Iraq's policy interest rate — the annual rate applied between the CBI and banks registered with it, and the anchor of the CBI's standing-facility corridor. Set by the CBI Board under the CBI Law No. 56 of 2004. Under the framework published on the CBI's monetary policy page, primary credit to banks is priced at the policy rate + 2%, secondary credit at policy rate + 3%, and the lender-of-last-resort facility at policy rate + 3.5%. The CBI does not hold a fixed, pre-announced meeting calendar and does not publish dated numbered rate decisions in the way Gulf central banks do; changes are announced by the Board when made.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-07","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2024-10-24","source":{"name":"Central Bank of Iraq — Monetary Policy page (السياسة النقدية): 'سعر الفائدة المحدد من قبل البنك المركزي العراقي الذي يبلغ حاليًا 5.5%' ('the interest rate set by the Central Bank of Iraq, currently 5.5%'); level established by the CBI Board decision of 24 October 2024 cutting the policy rate from 7.5% to 5.5%","url":"https://cbi.iq/page/26"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/iq/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value-added tax (VAT)","description":"Standard VAT rate. STRUCTURAL NULL — Iraq has NO value-added tax. It levies a narrow, itemised SALES TAX on selected services and goods instead, plus customs duties and excises. There is no broad-based consumption tax, no input-tax credit mechanism, no VAT registration threshold and no VAT law.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Federal Budget Law No. (13) of 2023, Article 20(First) — the operative sales-tax provision, extending 'the sales tax provisions stipulated in the dissolved Revolutionary Command Council Resolution No. (36) of 1997' to restaurants and hotels up to second class in addition to excellent- and first-class establishments; published in al-Waqai al-Iraqiya (the Iraqi Gazette) No. 4726 of 26 June 2023. Iraq's statute book contains this itemised sales tax and no VAT law.","url":"https://moj.gov.iq/upload/pdf/4726_72.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/iq/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Iraq, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-12","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Federal Budget Law No. (13) of 2023, Article 20(First) — the operative consumption-tax provision, extending “the sales tax provisions stipulated in the dissolved Revolutionary Command Council Resolution No. (36) of 1997” to restaurants and hotels up to second class in addition to excellent- and first-class establishments; published in al-Waqai al-Iraqiya (the Iraqi Gazette) No. 4726 of 26 June 2023. The tax it extends is ITEMISED — liability attaches to what is sold and to the class of establishment selling it, never to turnover — and Iraq's statute book contains no VAT law. There is therefore no registration threshold to serve, which is why value is null","url":"https://moj.gov.iq/upload/pdf/4726_72.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/iq/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"National minimum wage (الحد الأدنى للأجور)","description":"Iraq's statutory minimum monthly wage for workers, fixed by the Council of Ministers on the recommendation of the tripartite committee formed in the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, under Article 63(Second) of Labour Law No. 37 of 2015. It applies to workers covered by the Labour Law — i.e. the private sector and workers under contract — and is a floor, not a pay scale.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-01-01","source":{"name":"Council of Ministers decision of 18 December 2017, taken under Article 63(Second) of Labour Law No. 37 of 2015 — minimum worker's wage set at IQD 350,000 per month in place of IQD 250,000 (which had been fixed by Council of Ministers Resolution No. 178 of 2013), effective 1 January 2018 (Alsumaria TV, reporting the Council of Ministers communiqué); enabling statute: Labour Law No. 37 of 2015, ILO NATLEX record","url":"https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/r/natlex/fe/details?p3_isn=96652"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/iq/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Federal Iraq's official public holidays for calendar year 2026. The governing statute is the Official Holidays Law No. (12) of 2024, which repealed the Ba'ath-era Official Holidays Law No. 110 of 1972 together with RCC Resolutions 886 of 1979 and 210 of 1989, Governing Council Resolution No. 1 of 2003 and CPA Order No. 25 of 2005. Article 1(First) lists the general public holidays; Article 1(Second) provides that the first day of Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha is fixed by a statement issued jointly by the Shia and Sunni Waqf Diwans and sent to the Prime Minister's Office, and that where the two Diwans differ the holiday runs from the first day set by one to the last day set by the other. Article 3(First) lets the Council of Ministers declare temporary holidays of up to 7 days a year. The weekend is Friday and Saturday.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Official Holidays Law No. (12) of 2024, Article 1, published in al-Waqai al-Iraqiya (the Iraqi Gazette) No. 4777 of 27 May 2024 (19 Dhu al-Qi'dah 1445), signed by President Abdul Latif Jamal Rashid — the statutory list; 2026 Gregorian dates cross-checked against the Central Bank of Iraq's published 'العطل الرسمية لعام 2026' calendar (https://cbi.iq/page/78) and against Council of Ministers holiday decisions reported by the Iraqi News Agency (INA)","url":"https://www.moj.gov.iq/upload/pdf/4777_453.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/iq/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer Price Index (latest month)","description":"Official monthly Consumer Price Index for the whole of Iraq, base year 2022 = 100, compiled and published by the Central Statistical Organization (هيأة الإحصاء ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية) of the Ministry of Planning. Weights derive from the 2022 household expenditure structure, with expenditure weights modelled from the 2012 social and economic survey and the 2017/2018 SWIFT survey; from January 2024 the agency moved to a chained index with a moving base (the preceding month as base) under IMF/METAC technical supervision, with the chain linked back to 2022 weights. The basket covers 803 items in 486 varieties across the 12 COICOP divisions.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-05-01","source":{"name":"Central Statistical Organization, Ministry of Planning — 'تقرير الارقام القياسية لأسعار المستهلك CPI لشهر أيار لسنة 2026' (Consumer Price Index report for May 2026): general index 111.2 against 112.5 in April 2026 (-1.2% m/m) and 108.0 in May 2025 (+3.0% y/y); core index 110.8 against 110.4 (+0.4% m/m, +2.5% y/y)","url":"https://cosit.gov.iq/documents/indices/CPI/CPI/2026/%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%AE%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%202026.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/iq/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax rate","description":"Standard corporate income tax rate on the net taxable income of companies, administered by the General Commission of Taxes (الهيئة العامة للضرائب) under Income Tax Law No. 113 of 1982 as amended. A single flat rate applies to limited liability companies, private joint-stock companies, mixed joint-stock companies, and foreign companies registered in Iraq or otherwise having a permanent establishment there. Iraq taxes Iraq-source income.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2004-04-01","source":{"name":"CPA Order No. 49 (Tax Strategy of 2004), Section 3, amending Article 13(1) of Income Tax Law No. 113 of 1982 — '(C) Income of limited liability companies, at a fixed rate of 15%. (D) Income of private joint-stock companies, at a fixed rate of 15%. (E) Income of mixed joint-stock companies, at a fixed rate of 15%'; Section 3(3): 'Foreign companies that are registered in Iraq or otherwise have a permanent establishment in Iraq will be subject to tax at a fixed rate of 15% on their income in Iraq'","url":"https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/cpa-iraq/regulations/20040220_CPAORD_49_Tax_Strategy_of_2004_with_Annex_and_Ex_Note.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/iq/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"Iraq's deductions at source on payments to non-residents under the Income Tax Law No. 113 of 1982 (as amended) and General Commission for Taxes instructions: no tax on dividends, 15% on interest, no dedicated royalty head, and on-account contract retentions of 3.3% (general) or 7% (oil and gas non-upstream) on gross payments to contractors. Domestic statutory rates before any double-tax agreement relief. Administered by the General Commission for Taxes (GCT).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-26","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"General Commission for Taxes (tax.mof.gov.iq), official text of Income Tax Law No. 113 of 1982 as amended, art. 19: a resident who owes amounts to a person outside Iraq must pay tax on interest on bonds, mortgages, loans, deposits and advances and other annual payments, 'وتكون نسبة الضريبة الواجبة التأدية عن مثل هذه المبالغ (15%) في المائة'.","url":"https://tax.mof.gov.iq/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84-%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85-113-%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-1982-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/iq/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Legal delay interest (فوائد قانونية) — commercial matters","description":"Iraq's legal delay interest under Article 171 of the Civil Code No. 40 of 1951: a fixed 5% per annum in commercial matters and 4% in civil matters, payable as compensation for late payment of a money debt of known amount. The headline served is the commercial 5%.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"1953-09-08","source":{"name":"Civil Code No. 40 of 1951 (القانون المدني العراقي رقم 40 لسنة 1951), Art. 171: 'إذا كان محل الالتزام مبلغاً من النقود وكان معلوم المقدار وقت نشوء الالتزام وتأخر المدين في الوفاء به كان ملزماً أن يدفع للدائن على سبيل التعويض عن التأخير فوائد قانونية قدرها أربعة في المائة في المسائل المدنية وخمسة في المائة في المسائل التجارية، وتسري هذه الفوائد من تاريخ المطالبة القضائية بها إن لم يحدد الاتفاق أو العرف التجاري تاريخاً آخر لسريانها وهذا كله ما لم ينص القانون على غيره' (where the object of the obligation is a sum of money known in amount when the obligation arose and the debtor delays payment, he must pay the creditor by way of compensation for the delay legal interest of four per cent in civil matters and five per cent in commercial matters, running from the date of judicial demand unless agreement or commercial custom fixes another date, all unless the law provides otherwise); Art. 172: 'يجوز للمتعاقدين ان يتفقا على سعر آخر للفوائد على الا يزيد هذا السعر على سبعة في المائة' (the parties may agree another rate of interest provided it does not exceed seven per cent). TEXT REPRODUCED ON A PERSONAL BLOG - the only reachable full text; see confidence_note.","url":"https://moshrig63.wordpress.com/2017/01/29/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85-40-%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-1951-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/iq/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax (progressive bands)","description":"Progressive individual income tax under Article 13 of Income Tax Law No. 113 of 1982 as amended, administered by the General Commission of Taxes. Bands apply to a resident individual's annual income AFTER the personal allowances of Article 12. Employment income is collected by employer withholding (الاستقطاع المباشر) and remitted monthly. Non-resident individuals are taxed on the same scale on their Iraq-source income.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2004-04-01","source":{"name":"CPA Order No. 49 (Tax Strategy of 2004), Section 3, amending Article 13(1)(A) of Income Tax Law No. 113 of 1982 — '3% on amounts up to ID 250,000; 5% on amounts over ID 250,000 and up to ID 500,000; 10% on amounts over ID 500,000 and up to ID 1,000,000; 15% on amounts over ID 1,000,000'; and Section 2, amending Article 12(1) — allowances of ID 2,500,000 for the taxpayer, ID 2,000,000 for a non-earning wife, ID 200,000 per child, ID 3,200,000 for a widow or divorcee, and (Article 12(5)) ID 300,000 additional where the taxpayer is over 63","url":"https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/cpa-iraq/regulations/20040220_CPAORD_49_Tax_Strategy_of_2004_with_Annex_and_Ex_Note.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/iq/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for a private-sector employee in Iraq (IQ) under the Workers' Retirement and Social Security Law No. 18 of 2023: the general rate, the higher oil-and-gas rate, the State's own 8% share for Iraqi nationals, and the uplift the employer bears instead for non-Iraqi employees.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2023-08-28","source":{"name":"Workers' Retirement and Social Security Law No. (18) of 2023 (قانون التقاعد والضمان الاجتماعي للعمال رقم 18 لسنة 2023), Iraqi Official Gazette Al-Waqai Al-Iraqiya No. (4734), 28 August 2023, 109 articles — the consolidated PDF published by the Department of Retirement and Social Security for Workers (دائرة التقاعد والضمان الاجتماعي للعمال, rss.gov.iq) was retrieved but its Arabic text layer does not extract (see confidence note); rates as stated in the University of Kerbala Faculty of Law analysis of the Law, which quotes the operative Arabic wording of the contribution provisions, and corroborated by the published analyses of Al Tamimi & Company, Deloitte Middle East and WTW on the 2023 reform.","url":"https://rss.gov.iq/blog/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85-18-%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-2023"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/iq/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"JO","name":"Jordan","currency":"JOD","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"CBJ Main Policy Rate (سعر الفائدة الرئيسي للبنك المركزي)","description":"The Main Policy Rate is the Central Bank of Jordan's own designated key rate — the rate it publishes at the head of its 'Interest Rates on Monetary Policy Instruments' table and the rate its press releases call the 'Key Interest Rate of the Central Bank'. It is set by the CBJ's Open Market Operations Committee, which meets roughly eight times a year and normally makes decisions effective the following Sunday. The main rate sits inside a corridor: the Overnight Deposit Window Rate is the floor, the Overnight Repurchase (Repo) Rate and the Rediscount (Discount) Rate sit above it. Because the Jordanian dinar is pegged to the US dollar, the CBJ tracks the US Federal Reserve rather than running an independent stance.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-14","source":{"name":"Central Bank of Jordan, Press Release of 11 December 2025 — the Open Market Operations Committee, at its eighth and final meeting of 2025, decided to reduce the 'Key Interest Rate' and the interest rate on all monetary policy instruments by 25 basis points as of Sunday, 14 December 2025; level of 5.75% carried on the CBJ 'Interest Rates' page (last updated 14/12/2025); level reaffirmed without change by the Open Market Operations Committee decision announced 21 June 2026 (\"The Open Market Operations Committee Decides to Maintain 'Key Interest Rate of the Central Bank'\"), with 5.75% carried on the CBJ home page Interest Rates block","url":"https://www.cbj.gov.jo/ebv4.0/root_storage/en/eb_list_page/press_release_11-12-2025.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jo/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"General Sales Tax (GST) — standard rate","description":"Jordan does NOT levy a tax called VAT. Its VAT-equivalent is the General Sales Tax (الضريبة العامة على المبيعات), a credit-invoice consumption tax imposed by the General Sales Tax Law No. 6 of 1994 and its amendments and administered by the Income and Sales Tax Department (ISTD) of the Ministry of Finance. Article 6(a) charges the general tax at 16% on the supply or importation of goods and services by reference to the value of the supply or import; Article 6(b) separately charges a Special Tax (excise) at specific or ad valorem rates on the goods and services listed in Table (1). The 'vat' series id is used per the file spec — the correct instrument name is General Sales Tax.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2010-01-01","source":{"name":"Income and Sales Tax Department (ISTD), 'The General Sales Tax Law No. (6) of 1994 and its Amendments' (consolidated English text, 2023 edition), Article 6(a): 'A general tax shall be charged under this Law at the rate of 16 per cent on the supply or importation of goods or services, by reference to the value of the supply or import of these goods and services.'","url":"https://www.istd.gov.jo/ebv4.0/root_storage/en/eb_list_page/general_sales_tax_law_and_its_amendments_2023-1.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jo/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Jordan, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"General Sales Tax Law No. 6 of 1994 as amended (Income and Sales Tax Department, ISTD), Article 13, as set out in the Bloomberg Tax 'VAT Navigator — Jordan' (November 2024, published by BDO Jordan): 'The annual thresholds for GST registration are as follows: 10,000 dinars for manufacturers of goods subject to Special Sales Tax (SST)...; 75,000 dinars for suppliers of goods other than those subject to SST; and 30,000 dinars for persons supplying services. The registration threshold for a person engaged in multiple activities is the minimum threshold specified for any of its activities.' The value served here is the SERVICES threshold (JOD 30,000); goods outside SST carry JOD 75,000 and SST-goods manufacturers JOD 10,000.","url":"https://www.bdo.com.jo/getattachment/827089db-2161-4aec-a718-03e0ce5307bb/VAT_Jordan_2024_Final3.pdf?lang=en-GB"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jo/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"National minimum wage (الحد الأدنى للأجور)","description":"Jordan's national monthly minimum wage, fixed by decision of the Tripartite Committee for Labour Affairs (اللجنة الثلاثية لشؤون العمل) chaired by the Minister of Labour and comprising the Government, the employers' side (Jordan Chamber of Industry, Jordan Chamber of Commerce, Jordanian Farmers Union) and the workers' side (General Federation of Jordanian Trade Unions), under the Labour Law No. 8 of 1996 and its amendments. The decision is published in the Official Gazette and enforced by both the Ministry of Labour and the Social Security Corporation, which treats it as the floor of the insurable wage.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-01-01","source":{"name":"Social Security Corporation (المؤسسة العامة للضمان الاجتماعي) press statement of 22 December 2024, 'الضمان: تطبيق قرار الحد الأدنى للأجور (290) ديناراً بداية العام المقبل 2025' — confirming the Tripartite Committee for Labour Affairs decision raising the minimum wage for the years 2025, 2026 and 2027 to JOD 290 from JOD 260, applying to all workers covered by Labour Law No. 8 of 1996 and its amendments with effect from 1/1/2025","url":"https://www.ssc.gov.jo/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%89-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1-290/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jo/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays 2026","description":"Jordan's official public holidays for calendar year 2026. Jordan has no single annual holiday decree: the Prime Minister issues a separate official circular (بلاغ رسمي) ahead of each occasion suspending work in all ministries, official departments, public institutions and bodies, official universities, municipalities, joint services councils, the Greater Amman Municipality and wholly government-owned companies, with an exemption for entities whose nature of work requires them to keep operating. The Islamic holidays move with the Hijri calendar and depend on official moon sighting; the national and Christian holidays are fixed. The Jordanian weekend is Friday and Saturday.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Prime Ministerial official circulars issued by Prime Minister Dr Jafar Hassan and carried by Petra, the Jordan News Agency (official state agency): Eid al-Fitr 20-23 Mar 2026 (circular of 11 Mar 2026); Labour Day observed Thu 30 Apr 2026 (Circular No. 6 of 15 Apr 2026); Independence Day 25 May and Eid al-Adha 26-30 May 2026 (circulars of 27 Apr 2026); Hijri New Year Tue 16 Jun 2026 (circular of 7 Jun 2026); Christmas and New Year circular of Dec 2025 suspending work on Thu 25 Dec 2025 and Thu 1 Jan 2026","url":"https://petra.gov.jo/en/news/official-holidays-announced-for-eid-al-adha-independence-day"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jo/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer Price Index (latest month)","description":"Official monthly Consumer Price Index for Jordan, base year 2018=100, compiled and published by the Department of Statistics (DoS, دائرة الإحصاءات العامة) from a basket of 850 items (325 food, 525 non-food) priced at 3,400 establishments across the Kingdom. The monthly press release is issued in the second half of the following month and reports the index level, the year-on-year rate for the month, and the cumulative (year-to-date) inflation rate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-27","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"Department of Statistics, monthly Consumer Price Index report for July 2026, 'Department of Statistics: Inflation Rate for the First Seven Months of 2026 Reached 2.13%', PRESS/July 2026 dated 20 August 2026 — Table 2 'Monthly CPIs for the Years 2024-2026 (2018=100)' gives July 2026 = 115.92","url":"https://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/DataBank/News/Inflation/2026/CPI_Aug_en.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jo/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax rate (legal persons) — general rate","description":"Jordan's corporate income tax is SECTOR-DIFFERENTIATED. Article 11(B) of the Income Tax Law No. 34 of 2014 as amended by Law No. 38 of 2018 sets three statutory rates for legal persons: 20% as the general rate, 24% for a listed group of regulated and extractive sectors, and 35% for banks. A separate National Contribution (the 'National Solidarity Account' levy) under Article 11(F) is charged on top at 1% to 7% depending on sector. Administered by the Income and Sales Tax Department (ISTD) of the Ministry of Finance.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2019-01-01","source":{"name":"Income and Sales Tax Department, official English text of 'Law No. (34) of 2014 Amended by Law No. (38) of 2018 — Income Tax Law', Article 11(B)(1): '(20%) Twenty percent for all legal persons except those provided for under items (2) and (3) of this Paragraph'; Article 1 commences the amendments as of 1 January 2019","url":"https://www.istd.gov.jo/ebv4.0/root_storage/en/eb_list_page/income_tax_law_no_34_of_2014_amended_by_law_no_38_of_2018.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jo/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding taxes Jordan levies on payments to non-residents under Income Tax Law No. 34 of 2014 as amended by Law No. 38 of 2018 - a 10% final withholding on Jordanian-source income of non-residents (services, royalties and interest generally), 7%/5% final withholding on interest and deposit profits paid by banks, and NO withholding on dividends, which are exempt. Domestic statutory rates before any double-tax agreement relief. Administered by the Income and Sales Tax Department (ISTD).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-26","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2019-01-01","source":{"name":"Income and Sales Tax Department (ISTD) official commentary on Income Tax Law No. 34 of 2014, article 12 withholding at source: '10% من الدخل غير المعفي من الضريبة الذي استحق أو دفع لشخص غير مقيم مباشرة أو بالواسطة' (10% on non-exempt income due or paid to a non-resident, directly or indirectly; previously 7% under the temporary law).","url":"https://istd.gov.jo/AR/Pages/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jo/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Legal interest (الفائدة القانونية)","description":"Jordan's legal interest: a fixed 9% per annum under Article 167(4) of the Civil Procedure Law No. 24 of 1988 — both the default rate a court awards on an unpaid money debt and a ceiling the parties may not contract above, save where a special law allows.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"1988-01-01","source":{"name":"قانون أصول المحاكمات المدنية رقم (24) لسنة 1988، المادة 167/4 — Civil Procedure Law No. 24 of 1988 (Jordan), art. 167(4): \"مع مراعاة ما ورد في أي قانون خاص، تحسب الفائدة القانونية بنسبة (9%) سنوياً، ولا يجوز الاتفاق على تجاوز هذه النسبة\" (\"Subject to what is provided in any special law, legal interest shall be calculated at the rate of 9% per annum, and it is not permissible to agree to exceed this rate\"). Consolidated text as in force (\"ساري\"), published by ديوان التشريع والرأي / Bureau of Legislation and Opinion, Prime Ministry of Jordan; principal law published at page 735 of Official Gazette (الجريدة الرسمية) No. 3545 of 04/02/1988.","url":"https://lob.gov.jo/?v=3&lang=ar#!/LegislationDetails?LegislationID=3420&LegislationType=2&isMod=false"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jo/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax brackets (natural persons)","description":"Progressive personal income tax on the taxable income of a natural person under Article 11(A) of the Income Tax Law No. 34 of 2014 as amended by Law No. 38 of 2018, administered by the Income and Sales Tax Department. Six marginal bands run from 5% to 30%. The bands bite on TAXABLE income — gross income less allowable expenses, carried-forward losses, personal exemptions and donations — not on gross salary. An additional National Contribution Tax of 1% applies to a natural person's taxable income above JOD 200,000.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2019-01-01","source":{"name":"Income and Sales Tax Department, official English text of 'Law No. (34) of 2014 Amended by Law No. (38) of 2018 — Income Tax Law', Article 11(A): 5% on each dinar of the first five thousand dinars; 10% on the second five thousand; 15% on the third five thousand; 20% on the fourth five thousand; 25% on each dinar that follows up to one million dinars; 30% on each dinar of taxable income exceeding one million dinars. Article 1 commences the amendments as of 1 January 2019","url":"https://www.istd.gov.jo/ebv4.0/root_storage/en/eb_list_page/income_tax_law_no_34_of_2014_amended_by_law_no_38_of_2018.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jo/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Jordan (JO) under the Social Security Corporation: employee and employer shares of each insurance branch, the indexed maximum insurable wage, and the additional charge for hazardous occupations.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Social Security Corporation (المؤسسة العامة للضمان الاجتماعي), Jordan — Social Security Law No. (1) for the year 2014 and its amendments, English text published by the Corporation (according to the latest amendments to 16 April 2023): articles 2 (definitions of Wage and Hazardous Occupations), 24(a) (work injury 2%), 42(a)-(b) (maternity 0.75%), 48(a)-(b) (unemployment 0.5% firm / 1% deducted), 59(a) (old-age, disability and death 11% firm / 6.5% deducted / 17.5% voluntary), 62 (old-age pension conditions), and 72 (public-sector and military rates) all read verbatim; read with the Corporation's Insurance Coverage Bylaw, articles 11 (wage exclusions), 12 (contribution rates and the 2014-2017 phase-in, and the 1% hazardous-occupations supplement from 1/3/2015), 13 (suspension of the 1% work-injury reduction from 1/1/2020), 14 (minimum-wage floor and the JOD 3,000 maximum deductible wage indexed to inflation each January), 15 and 16 (payment within the first fifteen days of the following month, 1% default interest). Current indexed ceiling of JOD 3,733 for 2026 as announced by the Corporation and reported by Petra, the Jordan News Agency.","url":"https://www.ssc.gov.jo/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/law-26.1.2025-compressed.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jo/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"JP","name":"Japan","currency":"JPY","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"Bank of Japan policy rate (uncollateralized overnight call rate target)","description":"Target level for the uncollateralized overnight call rate set by the Bank of Japan Policy Board in its Guideline for Money Market Operations; Japan's operative policy rate since the March 2024 exit from yield-curve control and negative rates.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-12","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-06-17","source":{"name":"Bank of Japan, 'Change in the Guideline for Money Market Operations', Monetary Policy Meeting decision of 16 June 2026 (Policy Board vote 7-1)","url":"https://www.boj.or.jp/en/mopo/mpmdeci/mpr_2026/k260616a.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jp/policy-rate"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory interest (法定利率)","description":"Japan's unified statutory interest under Civil Code art. 404: 3% per annum, reviewed every three years against a benchmark ratio, held at 3% for the period 1 April 2026 to 31 March 2029.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2020-04-01","source":{"name":"民法第404条 (Civil Code art. 404, as amended by Act No. 44 of 2017, in force 2020-04-01); Ministry of Justice notice for the third period: 第3期の基準割合「年０．４％」(benchmark ratio 0.4%/yr), 法定利率は年３％のまま (statutory rate remains 3%/yr) — 令和7年法務省告示第73号 (MOJ Notice No. 73 of 2025)","url":"https://www.moj.go.jp/MINJI/minji07_00366.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jp/statutory-interest"},{"id":"vat","name":"Consumption tax (standard rate)","description":"Japan's credit-invoice VAT ('shohizei'), levied as a national consumption tax plus a local consumption tax; single standard rate with one reduced rate for food and newspapers.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2019-10-01","source":{"name":"National Tax Agency, Tax Answer No. 6303 'Shohizeiritsu-to' (consumption tax rates), law status as of 1 April 2025; rate structure enacted by Act No. 68 of 2012 (social security and tax comprehensive reform) as amended by the November 2016 timing-change act","url":"https://www.nta.go.jp/taxes/shiraberu/taxanswer/shohi/6303.htm"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jp/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Japan, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-08","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2004-04-01","source":{"name":"NTA, 'Information about Consumption Tax' and brochure 0024006-219 (July 2024): \"A business is exempted from consumption tax obligation in a Taxable Period if its taxable sales in the Base Period for the Taxable Period are equal to or less than 10 million yen\" / \"a business with taxable sales not exceeding 10 million yen in the base period for the taxable period is exempt from consumption tax obligation\"","url":"https://www.nta.go.jp/english/taxes/consumption_tax/0024006-219.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jp/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Minimum wage (lowest prefectural regional minimum wage)","description":"Japan has no single national minimum wage: 47 prefectural 'regional minimum wages' are set annually under the Minimum Wage Act. This series serves the lowest prefectural hourly floor in force nationwide; the full matrix is described in notes.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-03-31","source":{"name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 'Reiwa 7-nendo chiikibetsu saitei chingin zenkoku ichiran' (FY2025 regional minimum wages, national list), under the Minimum Wage Act (Act No. 137 of 1959)","url":"https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/11200000/001571192.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jp/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"National holidays of Japan for calendar 2026 under the Act on National Holidays, including substitute and bridge holidays generated by the Act's Article 3 rules.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-30","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Cabinet Office, 'Kokumin no shukujitsu ni tsuite' (national holidays overview and 2026 dates), under the Act on National Holidays (Act No. 178 of 1948, as amended)","url":"https://www8.cao.go.jp/chosei/shukujitsu/gaiyou.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jp/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer price inflation (CPI, all items, year-on-year)","description":"Headline all-items CPI for Japan (nationwide, 2020=100), year-on-year percent change, from the Statistics Bureau of Japan (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications); core measures noted.","free":true,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-06-01","source":{"name":"総務省統計局 — 2020年基準消費者物価指数 全国 2026年(令和8年)6月分 (released 24 July 2026): 「全国指数は2020年を100とする113.6、前年同月比1.7%の上昇」 (all-items index 113.6, +1.7% YoY)","url":"https://www.stat.go.jp/data/cpi/sokuhou/tsuki/index-z.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jp/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax (national corporation tax, standard rate)","description":"Standard national corporation tax rate under Corporation Tax Act Article 66; local corporate taxes and the new defense surtax that build the ~29.7 percent combined effective rate are decomposed in notes.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-04-01","source":{"name":"National Tax Agency, Tax Answer No. 5759 'Hojinzei no zeiritsu' (corporation tax rates), Corporation Tax Act Art. 66, law status as of 1 April 2025","url":"https://www.nta.go.jp/taxes/shiraberu/taxanswer/hojin/5759.htm"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jp/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding taxes Japan levies on Japan-source payments to non-residents and foreign corporations - dividends, interest and royalties - each at its domestic statutory rate before any tax convention relief. The statutory 20% and 15% income-tax rates each carry the 2.1% Special Reconstruction Income Tax surtax, producing the operative 20.42% and 15.315% rates. Administered by the National Tax Agency.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2013-01-01","source":{"name":"NTA Tax Answer No.2884 非居住者等に対する源泉徴収・源泉徴収の税率 (Withholding on non-residents - withholding tax rates), law as of 1 April 2025 (令和7年4月1日現在法令等): 利子等 '15.315パーセント' (interest etc. 15.315 percent); 上場株式等の配当等 '15.315パーセント' (dividends on listed shares etc. 15.315 percent); その他の配当等 '20.42パーセント' (other dividends 20.42 percent); 貸付金の利子 '20.42パーセント' (loan interest 20.42 percent); 工業所有権、著作権等の使用料等 '20.42パーセント' (royalties for industrial property rights, copyrights etc. 20.42 percent).","url":"https://www.nta.go.jp/taxes/shiraberu/taxanswer/gensen/2884.htm"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jp/withholding-tax"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax (national, progressive bands)","description":"National income tax brackets on annual taxable income under Income Tax Act Article 89; the 2.1 percent reconstruction surtax and ~10 percent local inhabitant tax are noted separately, not blended.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2015-01-01","source":{"name":"National Tax Agency, Tax Answer No. 2260 'Shotokuzei no zeiritsu' (income tax rates), Income Tax Act Art. 89, law status as of 1 April 2025","url":"https://www.nta.go.jp/taxes/shiraberu/taxanswer/shotoku/2260.htm"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jp/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Japan (JP): employee and employer shares of each statutory branch, with the ceilings and the instrument fixing each rate. Health, long-term care and the new child-rearing support levy are administered through the Japan Health Insurance Association (Kyokai Kenpo); the health rate is set PER PREFECTURE and the Tokyo rate is served here as the named reference case.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-04-01","source":{"name":"厚生年金保険法 (Act No. 115 of 1954) arts. 81(4) and 82(1), with Japan Pension Service 「厚生年金保険の保険料」; 健康保険法 (Act No. 70 of 1922) arts. 160(1), 160(16), 161(1) and 162; 介護保険法 (Act No. 123 of 1997) art. 9(ii); Japan Health Insurance Association (全国健康保険協会・協会けんぽ) 「令和8年度の協会けんぽの保険料率は3月分（4月納付分）から改定されます」, 「令和8年度保険料額表」 (prefectural tables, FY2026) and 「令和8年度保険料率のお知らせ」; 子ども・子育て支援法 (Act No. 65 of 2012) as amended by 子ども・子育て支援法等の一部を改正する法律 (Act No. 47 of 2024), with the Children and Families Agency (こども家庭庁) 「子ども・子育て支援金制度について」; 労働保険の保険料の徴収等に関する法律 (Act No. 84 of 1969) arts. 12 and 31; Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 「令和８（2026）年度雇用保険料率のご案内」 (LL080312保01, mhlw.go.jp/content/001692566.pdf); 労働者災害補償保険法 (Act No. 50 of 1947) with MHLW 「労災保険率表（令和６年４月１日施行）」 (mhlw.go.jp/content/rousaihokenritu_r05.pdf) and the FY2026 no-change notice; 石綿による健康被害の救済に関する法律 (Act No. 4 of 2006) with MHLW 「石綿健康被害救済法に基づく一般拠出金の徴収制度について」.","url":"https://www.kyoukaikenpo.or.jp/about/business/insurance_rate/rate_prefectures/r08/index.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/jp/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"KR","name":"South Korea","currency":"KRW","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"Bank of Korea Base Rate","description":"The Base Rate (기준금리) set by the Bank of Korea's Monetary Policy Board, the reference rate for BOK transactions with financial institutions and the economy-wide policy anchor.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-13","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-16","source":{"name":"Bank of Korea Monetary Policy Board, Monetary Policy Decision of 16 July 2026 (Base Rate raised 25bp from 2.50% to 2.75%), under the Bank of Korea Act (한국은행법)","url":"https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/E0000634/view.do?nttId=11062944&searchCnd=1&searchKwd=&depth2=400417&depth3=400423&depth=400423&pageUnit=10&pageIndex=1&programType=newsDataEng&menuNo=400423&oldMenuNo=400423"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kr/policy-rate"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory interest (법정이율)","description":"South Korea's statutory interest: 5% per annum for civil obligations (Civil Act art. 379, served headline), 6% for commercial obligations (Commercial Act art. 54), and 12% from service of a complaint (Expedition Act rate), served as variants.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"1960-01-01","source":{"name":"민법 제379조 (Civil Act art. 379): statutory interest 5%/yr; 상법 제54조 (Commercial Act art. 54): 6%/yr for commercial obligations; 소송촉진 등에 관한 특례법 제3조제1항 (Expedition Act art. 3(1)) with its Presidential Decree: '법정이율은 연 100분의 12로 한다' (the statutory rate shall be 12/100 per annum) from the day after service of the complaint","url":"https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_mobile/viewer.do?hseq=57540&type=part&key=8"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kr/statutory-interest"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value-Added Tax (부가가치세) standard rate","description":"Standard VAT rate under Article 30 of the Value-Added Tax Act, applied to supplies of goods and services and to imports.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"1977-07-01","source":{"name":"부가가치세법 (Value-Added Tax Act) Article 30 — statutory rate 10%; current consolidation as last amended by Act No. 21218 (promulgated 2025-12-23, in force 2026-01-01, no rate change); rate confirmed on National Tax Service page '부가가치세 세율' (모든 업종 10%)","url":"https://www.nts.go.kr/nts/cm/cntnts/cntntsView.do?mi=2275&cntntsId=7696"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kr/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in South Korea, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2013-07-01","source":{"name":"부가가치세법 (Value-Added Tax Act), Act No. 11873 of 7 June 2013 (wholly amended, in force 1 July 2013); version in force Act No. 21065, 2 January 2026 — 제8조제1항: \"사업자는 사업장마다 대통령령으로 정하는 바에 따라 사업 개시일부터 20일 이내에 사업장 관할 세무서장에게 사업자등록을 신청하여야 한다.\" — 'A business operator shall, for each place of business, apply for business registration within 20 days from the commencement date of the business.' The provision attaches the registration duty to commencement of business and states no turnover condition of any kind.","url":"https://www.law.go.kr/%EB%B2%95%EB%A0%B9/%EB%B6%80%EA%B0%80%EA%B0%80%EC%B9%98%EC%84%B8%EB%B2%95/%EC%A0%9C8%EC%A1%B0"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kr/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"National minimum wage (최저임금)","description":"Single national statutory minimum hourly wage under the Minimum Wage Act, set annually by the Minimum Wage Commission and gazetted by the Minister of Employment and Labor by 5 August for the following calendar year.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"고용노동부 고시 제2025-47호 「2026년 적용 최저임금 고시」 (Ministry of Employment and Labor Notice No. 2025-47, promulgated 2025-08-05) under the Minimum Wage Act (최저임금법)","url":"https://www.moel.go.kr/info/lawinfo/instruction/view.do?bbs_seq=20250800121"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kr/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Statutory public holidays for calendar year 2026 under the Public Holidays Act and the Regulations on Public Holidays of Government Offices, with substitute-holiday rules applied.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"관공서의 공휴일에 관한 규정 (Regulations on Public Holidays of Government Offices), Presidential Decree as last amended by Decree No. 36290 (promulgated 2026-04-30; Labour Day provisions in force 2026-05-01, remainder in force 2026-05-11), and 공휴일에 관한 법률 (Public Holidays Act), as amended by Act No. 21338 (promulgated 2026-02-10, in force 2026-05-11) restoring Constitution Day and by Act No. 21543 (promulgated 2026-04-09, in force 2026-05-01) designating Labour Day","url":"https://www.law.go.kr/법령/관공서의공휴일에관한규정"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kr/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer price inflation (소비자물가 상승률)","description":"Year-on-year change in the national Consumer Price Index (2020=100), compiled monthly by the Ministry of Data and Statistics (국가데이터처, formerly Statistics Korea/KOSTAT).","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-06-01","source":{"name":"국가데이터처 보도자료 「2026년 6월 소비자물가동향」 (Ministry of Data and Statistics press release, Consumer Price Trends June 2026, released 2026-07-02)","url":"https://mods.go.kr/board.es?mid=a10301040100&bid=213&act=view&list_no=445720"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kr/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax (법인세) top rate","description":"Top marginal national corporate income tax rate under Article 55 of the Corporate Tax Act; Korea applies a four-bracket progressive schedule plus a 10% local income tax surcharge.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"법인세법 (Corporate Tax Act) Article 55, as amended by Act No. 21217 (promulgated 2025-12-23, in force 2026-01-01; applies to fiscal years beginning on or after 2026-01-01); rates confirmed on National Tax Service page '법인세 세율 (2026년 이후)'","url":"https://www.nts.go.kr/nts/cm/cntnts/cntntsView.do?cntntsId=7746&mi=2372"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kr/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding taxes South Korea levies on Korean-source payments to foreign corporations and non-resident individuals without a Korean permanent establishment - dividends, interest and royalties - each at its domestic statutory rate before any tax treaty relief. National withholding under Corporate Tax Act art. 98 / Income Tax Act art. 156 carries a local income tax surtax of 10% of the tax withheld. Administered by the National Tax Service.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"National Tax Service (국세청), withholding-tax rate table for domestic-source income of non-residents and foreign corporations where no treaty applies (비거주자 및 외국법인의 국내원천소득, 조세조약이 없는 경우): 이자 (interest) 20% - 채권이자 (bond interest) 14%; 배당 (dividends) 20%; 사용료 (royalties) 20%. Statutory basis: 법인세법 제98조 (Corporate Tax Act art. 98) and 소득세법 제156조 (Income Tax Act art. 156).","url":"https://www.nts.go.kr/nts/cm/cntnts/cntntsView.do?mi=2415&cntntsId=7703"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kr/withholding-tax"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax (종합소득세) schedule","description":"Progressive comprehensive (global) income tax schedule under Article 55(1) of the Income Tax Act — eight brackets from 6% to 45% on annual taxable income, excluding the 10% local income tax surcharge.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2023-01-01","source":{"name":"소득세법 (Income Tax Act) Article 55(1), bracket schedule as amended by Act No. 19196 (promulgated 2022-12-31, effective 2023-01-01); confirmed current for tax year 2026 on National Tax Service page '종합소득세 세율'","url":"https://www.nts.go.kr/nts/cm/cntnts/cntntsView.do?mi=2227&cntntsId=7667"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kr/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in South Korea (KR): employee and employer shares of each of the four statutory insurances (4대보험) plus the employer-only wage-claim guarantee levy, with the ceilings and the instrument fixing each rate. Three headline rates moved on 1 January 2026 — the national pension rate began its legislated eight-year climb, health insurance rose, and long-term care rose.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"국민연금법 art. 88 as amended by the pension reform Act promulgated 20 March 2025, with National Pension Service (국민연금공단) contribution pages and the Ministry of Health and Welfare notice 「국민연금 기준소득월액 하한액과 상한액」 (2026 revision, applicable from the July 2026 premium month); 국민건강보험법 arts. 73 and 76(1), with the notice 「월별 건강보험료액의 상한과 하한에 관한 고시」 (2026) and National Health Insurance Service published 2026 rate; 노인장기요양보험법 art. 9, with Ministry of Health and Welfare press release 「2026년도 장기요양보험료율 0.9448%」 (장기요양위원회 decision of 4 November 2025); 고용보험 및 산업재해보상보험의 보험료징수 등에 관한 법률 arts. 13 and 14 with its Enforcement Decree; 산업재해보상보험법 with Ministry of Employment and Labour Notice 고용노동부고시 제2025-91호 「2026년도 사업종류별 산재보험료율」 (31 December 2025) and its 별지 rate table read directly; 임금채권보장법 art. 9(2) and Enforcement Decree art. 13 with the Ministry of Employment and Labour notice 「임금채권보장기금 사업주 부담금비율」 (16 December 2025).","url":"https://www.moel.go.kr/info/lawinfo/instruction/view.do?bbs_seq=20251201757"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kr/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"KW","name":"Kuwait","currency":"KWD","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"CBK Discount Rate","description":"The Discount Rate is the Central Bank of Kuwait's headline policy rate — the ceiling rate at which CBK lends to local banks — set by the CBK Board of Directors under Law No. 32 of 1968 concerning Currency, the Central Bank of Kuwait and the Organisation of Banking Business. CBK announces changes by press release and publishes the standing level on its Main Indicators page alongside its intervention rates (overnight, 1-week and 1-month repo). Unlike the rest of the GCC, Kuwait does NOT run a US-dollar peg: the Kuwaiti dinar is pegged to an undisclosed weighted basket of currencies, so CBK sets the Discount Rate with some latitude and does not automatically mirror the Federal Reserve.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-13","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-11","source":{"name":"Central Bank of Kuwait press release, 10 Dec 2025 — 'CBK Cuts the discount rate by 25 basis points to 3.50%', effective Thursday 11 December 2025; level re-confirmed on CBK's Main Indicators page ('Last change on rates as of: 11/12/2025')","url":"https://www.cbk.gov.kw/en/cbk-news/announcements-and-press-releases/press-releases/2025/12/202512101500-cbk-cuts-the-discount-rate-by-25-basis-points-to-350"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kw/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value-added tax (VAT)","description":"Standard VAT rate. STRUCTURAL NULL — Kuwait has NOT enacted or implemented VAT as of the confirmation date, and has no general consumption tax of any kind.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-26","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Kuwait Direct Investment Promotion Authority (KDIPA), official Invest in Kuwait appendices (kdipa.gov.kw): 'Sale Tax/Value Added Tax and Stamp Duty is not levied in the country.'","url":"https://kdipa.gov.kw/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Appendices.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kw/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Kuwait, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-26","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Kuwait Direct Investment Promotion Authority (KDIPA), official Invest in Kuwait appendices (kdipa.gov.kw): 'Sale Tax/Value Added Tax and Stamp Duty is not levied in the country.' No VAT registration threshold exists because no VAT is levied.","url":"https://kdipa.gov.kw/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Appendices.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kw/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"National minimum wage (private and oil sector)","description":"Kuwait's statutory monthly minimum wage for workers in the private and oil sectors, set by ministerial order under Article 63 of the Private Sector Labour Law No. 6 of 2010, which empowers the competent minister to fix a minimum wage by sector and occupation on the recommendation of the advisory committee and to review it at least every five years. Administration of private-sector labour now sits with the Public Authority for Manpower (PAM). Domestic workers fall OUTSIDE this instrument and have their own, lower floor under the domestic-labour law.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2017-06-11","source":{"name":"Ministerial Order No. 14 of 2017 setting the monthly minimum wage for workers in the private and oil sectors at KD 75 — ILO NATLEX official record KWT-2017-R-107351, adopted and entered into force 11 June 2017, made under Article 63 of Private Sector Labour Law No. 6 of 2010","url":"https://webapps.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=107351"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kw/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Kuwait's official public holidays for calendar year 2026. The statutory list for private-sector workers is fixed by Article 68 of Private Sector Labour Law No. 6 of 2010 — Gregorian New Year, Hijri New Year, Isra and Miraj, Eid al-Fitr (3 days), Waqfat Arafat plus Eid al-Adha (4 days), the Prophet's Birthday, National Day and Liberation Day. The Hijri-dated holidays are movable and depend on official moon sighting; the exact public-sector dates and any bridging days are declared each year by the Civil Service Commission (CSC) following a Cabinet decision.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Article 68, Private Sector Labour Law No. 6 of 2010 (statutory holiday list, published by the Public Authority for Manpower) read with the 2026 declarations of Kuwait's Civil Service Commission and Council of Ministers for each movable Hijri holiday (Isra and Miraj 18 Jan; Eid al-Fitr 19-23 Mar; Eid al-Adha and Arafat 26-31 May; Hijri New Year 16 Jun, per Cabinet decision of 10 Jun 2026)","url":"https://www.manpower.gov.kw/docs/LaborLaw/Labor_Law_Eng.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kw/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer Price Index (latest month)","description":"Official monthly Consumer Price Index for Kuwait, base year 2013 = 100, compiled and published by the Central Statistical Bureau (CSB), Kuwait's national statistical authority. The monthly bulletin reports the general index level, the month-on-month change and the year-on-year inflation rate, with a twelve-group COICOP breakdown.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-06-01","source":{"name":"Central Statistical Bureau (CSB) — Consumer Price Index bulletin for June 2026, released 20 Jul 2026: general index 139.9 points (base 2013=100), unchanged month-on-month, +2.19% year-on-year; the June 2026 release is the newest item on the CSB Consumer Price Indices publication list","url":"https://www.csb.gov.kw/Pages/Statistics_en?ID=34&ParentCatID=3"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kw/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax rate (foreign-owned share)","description":"Kuwait's flat corporate income tax under Income Tax Decree No. 3 of 1955 as amended by Law No. 2 of 2008, administered by the Ministry of Finance's Department of Income Taxes. The rate is 15% of net taxable profit, but the CHARGE IS OWNERSHIP-SCOPED: it falls only on foreign (non-GCC) corporate bodies carrying on trade or business in Kuwait, directly or through an agent, and on the foreign-owned share of a mixed-ownership Kuwaiti or GCC company. Wholly Kuwaiti- and GCC-owned entities pay no corporate income tax and instead face separate domestic levies (Zakat, NLST, KFAS).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-26","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2008-02-03","source":{"name":"Kuwait Direct Investment Promotion Authority (KDIPA), official Invest in Kuwait brochure (November 2025): '15% Corporate Income Tax (on share of profit of foreign companies)'; '15% flat rate on the net taxable income for fiscal periods commencing after 3 February 2008.'","url":"https://kdipa.gov.kw/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Invest-in-Kuwait-Brochure-November-2025-1.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kw/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"Kuwait's treatment of payments to non-residents: Kuwaiti tax law imposes NO withholding tax on dividends, interest or royalties. What exists instead is a 5% contract RETENTION under the Executive Bylaws of Law No. 2 of 2008 - money held back from payments to any incorporated body until it produces a tax clearance certificate from the Ministry of Finance. That is a compliance security mechanism, not a final tax, and this record describes it as such.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-26","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2008-02-03","source":{"name":"Kuwait Direct Investment Promotion Authority (KDIPA), official Invest in Kuwait appendices (kdipa.gov.kw): 'There is no withholding tax in Kuwait, however, compliance with the Law is enforced by the Ministry of Finance through Ministerial Order No. 44 of 1985.' Foreign companies 'are liable to pay income tax at a flat rate of 15%.'","url":"https://kdipa.gov.kw/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Appendices.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kw/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Legal interest on commercial debts (الفائدة القانونية)","description":"Kuwait's legal interest: a fixed 7% per annum under Article 110 of the Commercial Code (Decree-Law 68/1980), payable as compensation for delay on a commercial money debt of known amount, and the default rate under Article 102 where a commercial loan fixes none.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"1981-02-25","source":{"name":"Commercial Code (Decree-Law No. 68 of 1980) Art. 110: 'اذا كان محل الالتزام التجاري مبلغا من النقود وكان معلوم المقدار وقت نشوء الالتزام وتأخر المدين في الوفاء به، كان ملزما ان يدفع للدائن على سبيل التعويض عن التأخير فوائد قانونية قدرها سبعة في المائة' (where the object of a commercial obligation is a sum of money known in amount when the obligation arose and the debtor delays payment, he is bound to pay the creditor, by way of compensation for the delay, legal interest of seven per cent); Art. 102(1): if no rate is fixed in the contract 'كانت الفائدة المستحقة هى الفائدة القانونية 7%-' (the interest due is the legal interest, 7%)","url":"https://lawyeralhajri.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85-68-%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-1980%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kw/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax","description":"Personal income tax on individuals. STRUCTURAL NULL — Kuwait imposes NO personal income tax on any individual, national or expatriate, on employment income or otherwise.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-26","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Kuwait Direct Investment Promotion Authority (KDIPA), official Invest in Kuwait brochure (November 2025): 'Kuwait has one of the World's most attractive tax regime with no personal income tax'; KUWAIT TAX SCHEME lists '0% Personal Income Tax'.","url":"https://kdipa.gov.kw/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Invest-in-Kuwait-Brochure-November-2025-1.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kw/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for a private-sector employee in Kuwait (KW): the PIFSS social-insurance contribution, which applies to Kuwaiti and GCC nationals ONLY, and the end-of-service indemnity that stands in its place for the expatriate majority of the workforce.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Public Institution for Social Security (PIFSS), Kuwait — Social Security Law No. 61 of 1976 and its supplementary-insurance and amending legislation, under which the contribution is computed on the salary in basic insurance together with the salary in supplementary insurance to a maximum of KWD 2,750 per month; Law No. (101) of 2013 concerning Unemployment Insurance (0.5% employee, 0.5% employer, 0.5% public Treasury; benefit 60% of pensionable salary to a maximum of KWD 1,500 for six months), as reported in Al Tamimi & Company's analysis of that Law and recorded in ILO NATLEX; Private Sector Labour Law No. (6) of 2010 for end-of-service indemnity. Current employee 10.5% and employer 11.5% figures as published in 2026 payroll-compliance and tax summaries.","url":"https://www.pifss.gov.kw/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kw/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"KZ","name":"Kazakhstan","currency":"KZT","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"NBK base rate (базовая ставка)","description":"The National Bank of Kazakhstan base rate — the key monetary policy instrument, an indicative target for short-term interbank rates (operationally tracked against TONIA, the KASE one-day auto-repo rate), set by the Monetary Policy Committee (Комитет по денежно-кредитной политике) with an interest-rate corridor of +/- 1 percentage point. Decided eight times a year on a published schedule.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-24","source":{"name":"Национальный Банк Республики Казахстан — пресс-релиз от 24.07.2026 «О снижении базовой ставки до 16,75%»: «Комитет по денежно-кредитной политике Национального Банка Республики Казахстан принял решение установить базовую ставку на уровне 16,75% годовых с коридором +/- 1 п.п.»","url":"https://nationalbank.kz/ru/news/press-relizy/19982"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kz/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"VAT standard rate (НДС)","description":"Налог на добавленную стоимость — standard rate on taxable turnover and taxable imports, Article 503(1) of the Tax Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Кодекс РК от 18 июля 2025 года № 214-VIII ЗРК), administered by the State Revenue Committee of the Ministry of Finance.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Налоговый кодекс Республики Казахстан (Кодекс РК от 18 июля 2025 года № 214-VIII ЗРК), статья 503, пункт 1: «Если иное не установлено настоящей статьей, ставка налога на добавленную стоимость составляет 16 процентов и применяется к размеру облагаемого оборота и облагаемого импорта»; введён в действие с 1 января 2026 года статьёй 848, пункт 1 — текст в ИПС «Әділет» (Министерство юстиции РК)","url":"https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K2500000214"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kz/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT (НДС) registration becomes compulsory in Kazakhstan under the new 2026 Tax Code, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and the separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Кодекс Республики Казахстан от 18.07.2025 № 214-VIII «О налогах и других обязательных платежах в бюджет (Налоговый кодекс)», in force from 1 January 2026 (replacing Кодекс № 120-VI). Ст. 99 (Общие положения по постановке на регистрационный учет плательщика НДС) sets the registration minimum as \"оборот, равный 10 000-кратному размеру месячного расчетного показателя, действующего на 1 января соответствующего финансового года\" ('turnover equal to 10,000 times the monthly calculation indicator (МРП) in force on 1 January of the relevant financial year'); ст. 101 (Обязательная постановка на регистрационный учет) requires registration where turnover exceeds that amount within the calendar year, with the application due within пять рабочих дней (five working days) of the excess; ст. 100 covers добровольная and ст. 102 условная постановка. МРП for 2026 = 4,325 тенге (Закон РК № 239-VIII от 08.12.2025 «О республиканском бюджете на 2026-2028 годы»), so 10,000 МРП = KZT 43,250,000 for 2026.","url":"https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K2500000214"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kz/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Minimum monthly wage (МЗП)","description":"Минимальный размер заработной платы (МЗП) — the single national statutory monthly minimum wage. Not set by a wage board: it is fixed for the coming year in the annual republican budget law adopted by Parliament each December and applies from 1 January. There are no regional, sectoral or occupational variants.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Закон Республики Казахстан от 8 декабря 2025 года № 239-VIII ЗРК «О республиканском бюджете на 2026 – 2028 годы», статья 7: «Установить с 1 января 2026 года: 1) минимальный размер заработной платы – 85 000 тенге» — текст в ИПС «Әділет»","url":"https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/Z2500000239"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kz/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Национальные и государственные праздники per Articles 2 and 3 of the Law «О праздниках в Республике Казахстан» (Закон РК от 13 декабря 2001 года N 267-II), which Article 84 of the Labour Code recognises as non-working праздничные дни, plus the two additional statutory rest days in Article 84(5) of the Labour Code (first day of Kurban Ait; 7 January, Orthodox Christmas). Calendar year 2026, with weekend transfers applied.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Закон Республики Казахстан от 13 декабря 2001 года N 267-II «О праздниках в Республике Казахстан», статьи 2, 3 и 5 (действующая редакция от 01.07.2026, с изменениями по Закону РК от 11.06.2026 № 306-VIII); Трудовой кодекс РК (Кодекс от 23 ноября 2015 года № 414-V), статья 84, пункт 5 — текст в ИПС «Әділет»","url":"https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/Z010000267_"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kz/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"CPI inflation (year-on-year)","description":"Headline consumer price inflation, year-on-year percent, latest published month, from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Бюро национальной статистики АСПиР РК).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"Bureau of National Statistics (ASPR RK), express information 'Inflation in the Republic of Kazakhstan (July 2026)' (3 August 2026): 'Inflation in the Republic of Kazakhstan in July 2026 for the year amounted to 10.2% (in June 2026 – 10.3%)'","url":"https://stat.gov.kz/en/industries/economy/prices/publications/509837/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kz/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax standard rate (КПН)","description":"Корпоративный подоходный налог (КПН) — standard rate on the taxable income of resident legal entities and of non-residents operating through a permanent establishment, Article 357(2)(5) of the Tax Code (Кодекс РК от 18 июля 2025 года № 214-VIII ЗРК).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Налоговый кодекс РК (Кодекс РК от 18 июля 2025 года № 214-VIII ЗРК), статья 357, пункт 2, подпункт 5): «от иной деятельности, не предусмотренной подпунктами 1), 2), 3) и 4) настоящего пункта, – 20 процентов»; введён в действие с 1 января 2026 года (ст. 848, п. 1) — текст в ИПС «Әділет»","url":"https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K2500000214"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kz/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding taxes Kazakhstan levies at source on income of non-residents without a permanent establishment - dividends, interest, royalties, capital gains, services and other Kazakhstan-source income, international transport, insurance and reinsurance premiums, and a punitive rate for residents of listed low-tax jurisdictions - each at its domestic statutory rate before any double-tax treaty relief. Set by Article 682 of the Tax Code of 18 July 2025 No. 214-VIII (in force from 1 January 2026); administered by the State Revenue Committee (kgd.gov.kz).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Tax Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan of 18 July 2025 No. 214-VIII ZRK, Article 682 'Ставки подоходного налога у источника выплаты' (Rates of income tax withheld at source), official text on Adilet (Ministry of Justice legal-information system)","url":"https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K2500000214"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kz/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory default penalty (законная неустойка, ГК РК ст. 353)","description":"Kazakhstan's statutory penalty for the unlawful use of another's money: the National Bank of Kazakhstan base rate itself, with no added margin, under Article 353 of the Civil Code. Derived live from this API's KZ policy-rate series.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-11","confidence":"derived","effective_from":"2026-07-24","source":{"name":"Derived from the National Bank of Kazakhstan base rate (this API's KZ policy-rate series) under ГК РК ст. 353 — the statutory penalty equals the base rate with no added margin, so it moves the day the NBK moves the base rate; NBK decision of 24 July 2026 cut the base rate to 16.75% per annum","url":"https://nationalbank.kz/ru/news/press-relizy"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kz/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax rates (ИПН)","description":"Индивидуальный подоходный налог (ИПН) for resident individuals — Article 363 of the Tax Code (Кодекс РК от 18 июля 2025 года № 214-VIII ЗРК). Since 1 January 2026 general income (including employment income) is taxed on a two-band PROGRESSIVE annual scale; the bands are denominated in месячный расчетный показатель (MRP), the index fixed each year by the republican budget law.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Налоговый кодекс РК (Кодекс РК от 18 июля 2025 года № 214-VIII ЗРК), статья 363, подпункт 1): доходы за календарный год — «до 8500-кратного месячного расчетного показателя (включительно) — 10 процентов; свыше 8500-кратного месячного расчетного показателя — сумма налога с облагаемого дохода в размере 8500-кратного месячного расчетного показателя + 15 процентов с суммы, превышающей его»; размер МРП на 2026 год — 4 325 тенге (Закон РК от 08.12.2025 № 239-VIII ЗРК «О республиканском бюджете на 2026 – 2028 годы», ст. 7, пп. 4))","url":"https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K2500000214"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kz/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Kazakhstan (KZ): employee and employer shares of each statutory branch, with the floors, the ceilings and the instrument fixing each rate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Социальный кодекс Республики Казахстан от 20 апреля 2023 года № 224-VII, статьи 207, 243, 244, 245, 248, 249, 250, 251 (официальный текст, ИПС \"Әділет\"), с изменениями по законам РК от 06.04.2024 № 71-VIII, от 01.07.2024 № 104-VIII и от 18.07.2025 № 215-VIII (в действие с 01.01.2026); Закон Республики Казахстан от 16 ноября 2015 года № 405-V \"Об обязательном социальном медицинском страховании\", статьи 26, 27, 28, 29, с изменениями по Закону РК от 14 июля 2025 года № 206-VIII (в действие с 01.01.2026); Кодекс РК \"О налогах и других обязательных платежах в бюджет (Налоговый кодекс)\" от 18 июля 2025 года № 214-VIII (в действие с 01.01.2026), статьи 400, 426, 429, 820, 822 и положения о социальном налоге; Закон Республики Казахстан от 8 декабря 2025 года № 239-VIII \"О республиканском бюджете на 2026–2028 годы\", статья 7 (МЗП 85 000 тенге, МРП 4 325 тенге с 1 января 2026 года).","url":"https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K2300000224"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kz/social-contributions"},{"id":"fx-reference","name":"NBK official exchange rates","description":"Kazakhstan's official daily market exchange rates for the tenge, published by the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-13","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-09-13","source":{"name":"National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan — official market exchange rates, fix of 2026-09-13","url":"https://nationalbank.kz/en/exchangerates/ezhednevnye-oficialnye-rynochnye-kursy-valyut"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/kz/fx-reference"}]},{"country":"LK","name":"Sri Lanka","currency":"LKR","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"Overnight Policy Rate (OPR)","description":"The Central Bank of Sri Lanka's SINGLE policy interest rate — the rate the Monetary Policy Board sets to signal and operationalise the monetary policy stance under the Flexible Inflation Targeting framework of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka Act, No. 16 of 2023 (inflation target 5%, agreed in the Monetary Policy Framework Agreement of October 2023). Reviewed roughly every two months (six scheduled Monetary Policy Reviews a year).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-12","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-05-26","source":{"name":"CBSL - Monetary Policy Review: No. 04 of 2026, 22 July 2026: 'The Monetary Policy Board, at its meeting held yesterday, decided to maintain the Overnight Policy Rate (OPR) at the current level of 8.75%.' The OPR replaced the dual SDFR/SLFR corridor on 27 November 2024.","url":"https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/sites/default/files/cbslweb_documents/press/pr/press_20260722_Monetary_Policy_Review_No_4_2026_e_jKlAA7.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/lk/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"VAT standard rate","description":"Standard rate of Value Added Tax charged under section 2(1) of the Value Added Tax Act, No. 14 of 2002, administered by the Department of Inland Revenue.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2024-01-01","source":{"name":"Value Added Tax (Amendment) Act, No. 16 of 2024 (certified 20 March 2024; Gazette supplement of 22 March 2024), section 2(3) inserting item (ix) into section 2(1)(v) of the Value Added Tax Act, No. 14 of 2002: 'for any taxable period commencing on or after January 1, 2024 at the rate of eighteen per centum (of which the tax fraction is 9/59)'","url":"https://documents.gov.lk/view/act/2024/3/16-2024_E.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/lk/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT registration becomes compulsory in Sri Lanka, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and the separate regime for imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2024-01-01","source":{"name":"Value Added Tax Act, No. 14 of 2002, s.10, as amended by the Value Added Tax (Amendment) Act, No. 16 of 2024 (certified March 2024): registration threshold lowered to Rs. 15,000,000 per taxable period (quarter) / Rs. 60,000,000 per twelve-month period, deemed effective 1 January 2024 (previously 20m/80m). Confirmed current by the Value Added Tax (Amendment) Act, No. 14 of 2026 (certified 30 June 2026, gazetted 3 July 2026), read in full: it dropped the gazetted Bill No. 31 proposal to cut the threshold to Rs. 36m/9m, and its new Chapter IIIC s.25L uses the same figures for non-resident digital services: \"...the total value of the supply of such services, within the twelve months period then ending has exceeded sixty million rupees or an equivalent to that in any other currency; or ... for a quarter exceeds or is likely to exceed fifteen million rupees or its equivalent in any other currency.\"","url":"https://www.ird.gov.lk/en/publications/Value%20Added%20Tax_Acts/VAT_Act_No_14-2026_E.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/lk/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"National minimum wage","description":"The statutory national minimum monthly wage payable to all workers in any industry or service, fixed by section 3(1) of the National Minimum Wage of Workers Act, No. 3 of 2016 as amended. Sri Lanka sets this by primary legislation, not by an annual indexation order — it changes only when Parliament amends the Act.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"National Minimum Wage of Workers (Amendment) Act, No. 11 of 2025 (certified 23 July 2025; Gazette supplement of 25 July 2025), section 2 substituting section 3(1)(b) of Act No. 3 of 2016: 'With effect from January 1, 2026, the national minimum monthly wage for all workers in any industry or service shall be thirty thousand rupees, and the national minimum daily wage of a worker shall be one thousand two hundred rupees'","url":"https://documents.gov.lk/view/act/2025/7/11-2025_E.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/lk/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Sri Lanka's gazetted holiday calendar for 2026, as published by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka. Each day is classified Bank (B), Public (P) and/or Mercantile (M) — the three categories carry different legal consequences and not every holiday is all three.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Central Bank of Sri Lanka — 'Central Bank of Sri Lanka - Bank Holidays for 2026' (official consolidated Bank / Public / Mercantile holiday table for calendar year 2026)","url":"https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/en/about/about-the-bank/bank-holidays-2026"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/lk/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"CCPI inflation (year-on-year)","description":"Headline consumer price inflation measured by the Colombo Consumer Price Index (CCPI, base 2021=100), year-on-year percent for the latest published month, compiled by the Prices and Wages Division of the Department of Census and Statistics. The CCPI is the index against which the Central Bank's 5% inflation target is assessed.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-31","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-08-01","source":{"name":"Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Communications Department press 31.08.2026 'Inflation in August 2026 - CCPI': CCPI (2021=100) headline YoY 8.0% (July 7.3%); index 208.8","url":"https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/sites/default/files/cbslweb_documents/press/pr/press_20260831_inflation_in_august_2026_ccpi_e.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/lk/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax standard rate","description":"Standard rate of income tax on the taxable income of a company, paragraph 4(1) of the First Schedule to the Inland Revenue Act, No. 24 of 2017, administered by the Department of Inland Revenue. Sri Lanka's tax year (year of assessment) runs 1 April to 31 March.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2022-10-01","source":{"name":"Inland Revenue (Amendment) Act, No. 45 of 2022 (certified 19 December 2022), section amending paragraph 4(1) of the First Schedule to the Inland Revenue Act, No. 24 of 2017, inserting items (c) and (d): taxed 'at the rate of 24% for first six months of the year of assessment commencing on April 1, 2022 and for second six months of the same year of assessment at the rate of 30%' and '(d) with effect from April 1, 2023 shall be taxed at the rate of 30%'","url":"https://documents.gov.lk/view/act/2022/12/45-2022_E.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/lk/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding taxes Sri Lanka levies on payments to non-residents under the Inland Revenue Act No. 24 of 2017 as amended, most recently by the Inland Revenue (Amendment) Act No. 2 of 2025 (certified 20 March 2025) which reinstated dividend withholding at 15% and raised interest withholding to 10% from 1 April 2025 - dividends, interest, royalties and service fees, each at its domestic statutory rate before any tax-treaty relief. Administered by the Inland Revenue Department (IRD).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2025-04-01","source":{"name":"Inland Revenue Act No. 24 of 2017 as amended by the Inland Revenue (Amendment) Act No. 2 of 2025; IRD notice PN/IT/2025-01 (26.03.2025) and circulars SEC/2025/E/02 and SEC/2025/E/03 (rates from 1 April 2025): dividends 15%, interest or discount 10% (raised from 5%), royalties 14%, payments to non-residents (service fees, rent, insurance) 14%","url":"https://www.ird.gov.lk/en/Lists/Latest%20News%20%20Notices/Attachments/666/PN_IT_2025-01_26032025_E.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/lk/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Legal interest rate (Civil Procedure Code s. 192)","description":"Sri Lanka's legal rate of interest: 12% per annum under section 192 of the Civil Procedure Code, applied where the parties agreed no rate, running on the principal adjudged from the date of the action through to payment.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"1980-12-11","source":{"name":"Civil Procedure Code (Cap. 101) s. 192(1) as substituted by the Civil Procedure Code (Amendment) Act, No. 53 of 1980: where the action is for a sum of money due to the plaintiff the court may in the decree order interest 'according to the rate agreed on between the parties by the instrument sued on, or in the absence of any such agreement at the rate of twelve per centum per annum to be paid on the principal sum adjudged from the date of the action to the date of the decree ... with further interest at such rate on the aggregate sum so adjudged, from the date of the decree to the date of payment'","url":"https://www.lawnet.gov.lk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/CIVIL-PROCEDURE-CODE.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/lk/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax bands","description":"Statutory marginal rate schedule applied to the taxable income of a resident or non-resident individual, paragraph 1(1D) of the First Schedule to the Inland Revenue Act, No. 24 of 2017. Amounts are per year of assessment (1 April to 31 March) and apply to taxable income AFTER the personal relief is deducted.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-04-01","source":{"name":"Inland Revenue (Amendment) Act, No. 2 of 2025 (certified 20 March 2025; Gazette supplement of 21 March 2025), section 3(1)(b) inserting paragraph 1(1D) into the First Schedule to the Inland Revenue Act, No. 24 of 2017: 'the taxable income of a resident or non-resident individual for a year of assessment commencing from April 1, 2025 shall be taxed at the following rates' — 6% up to Rs. 1,000,000; Rs. 60,000 + 18% over Rs. 1,000,000 up to Rs. 1,500,000; Rs. 150,000 + 24% up to Rs. 2,000,000; Rs. 270,000 + 30% up to Rs. 2,500,000; Rs. 420,000 + 36% above Rs. 2,500,000","url":"https://documents.gov.lk/view/act/2025/3/02-2025_E.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/lk/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Sri Lanka (LK): employee and employer shares of each statutory fund, with the base and the instrument fixing each rate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"1981-03-01","source":{"name":"Employees' Provident Fund Act, No. 15 of 1958, section 10(1)(a)–(b), as amended (Special Provisions 1975; amendments of 1981, 1985, 1988, 1992 and 2012, as listed by the EPF Department); Employees' Provident Fund Department, Central Bank of Sri Lanka, \"What is EPF\" (statutory minimum rates, fund administration, pre-retirement withdrawal of up to 30 %, fund statistics to 31 December 2025); Department of Labour of Sri Lanka, Employees Provident Fund Division (rates, coverage, registration forms A/B/H, benefit conditions); Employees' Trust Fund Act, No. 46 of 1980, as amended by Act No. 18 of 1993; Employees' Trust Fund Board, \"Employer Details\" (employer's contribution of 3 % of total monthly earnings, prohibition on deduction, definition of total earnings, coverage and exclusions) and \"Payment of Contributions\" (remittance categories, forms and deadline).","url":"https://epf.lk/?page_id=2"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/lk/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"MY","name":"Malaysia","currency":"MYR","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"Overnight Policy Rate (OPR)","description":"Bank Negara Malaysia's policy interest rate, set by the Monetary Policy Committee and used as the target rate for overnight interbank lending.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-04","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-07-09","source":{"name":"Bank Negara Malaysia, Monetary Policy Committee decision of 9 July 2025 (OPR reduced 25bp to 2.75%), reaffirmed at the MPC meetings of 4 Sep 2025, 6 Nov 2025, 22 Jan 2026, 5 Mar 2026, 7 May 2026 and 9 Jul 2026; issued under the Central Bank of Malaysia Act 2009 [Act 701] s.22-23","url":"https://www.bnm.gov.my/monetary-stability/opr-decisions"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/my/policy-rate"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory late-payment interest","description":"Malaysia fixes no general statutory or late-payment interest rate; the only fixed figure is the Chief Justice's 5% judgment-debt rate under the Rules of Court 2012, attaching through court process only.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Rules of Court 2012, O 42 r 12: 'every judgment debt shall carry interest at such rate as the Chief Justice may from time to time determine'; Chief Justice of Malaysia Practice Direction No. 1 of 2012: 5% per annum with effect from 1 August 2012","url":"https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/practice_directions_2012/chief_justice_of_malaysia_practice_direction_no_1_of_2012_|_determination_of_interest_rate_under_the_rules_of_court_2012.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/my/statutory-interest"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value Added Tax","description":"Standard rate of value added tax / goods and services tax.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-09-01","source":{"name":"Goods and Services Tax (Repeal) Act 2018 [Act 805], royal assent 24 August 2018, in force 1 September 2018 [P.U. (B) 510/2018]; replaced by the Sales Tax Act 2018 [Act 806] and the Service Tax Act 2018 [Act 807]","url":"https://lom.agc.gov.my/act-detail.php?act=805&lang=BI"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/my/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Malaysia, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-07-01","source":{"name":"REFUSED — Malaysia fixes no single registration threshold. Service Tax Regulations 2018 [P.U. (A) 214/2018], First Schedule para. 1, as amended by the Service Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2025 [P.U. (A) 172/2025] (Federal Government Gazette, 9 June 2025; 'These Regulations come into operation on 1 July 2025') and the Service Tax (Amendment) Regulations 2025 (Amendment) Regulations 2025 [P.U. (A) 201/2025] (gazetted 30 June 2025, same commencement): 'The taxable persons specified in column (1) in Groups A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L of this Schedule providing any taxable service specified in column (2) in each Group and exceeds the total value of taxable service specified in column (3) shall submit an application for registration under section 13 of the Act' — column (3) reads Nil, RM500,000, RM1,000,000 or RM1,500,000 according to the Group. P.U. (A) 172/2025 reg. 3(a) made para. 1 read as quoted, 'by substituting for the words \"G and I\" the words \"G, H, I, J, K and L\"'; P.U. (A) 201/2025 reg. 3 then raised Group H items 2, 3 and 4 and Group K, 'in column (3), by substituting for the words \"RM500,000\" the words \"RM1,000,000\"'. Separately, for sales tax: Sales Tax (Total Sale Value of Taxable Goods) Order 2018 [P.U. (A) 209/2018] para. 2 — 'The total sale value of taxable goods for the purpose of registration of any manufacturer under subsection 12(1) of the Act shall be five hundred thousand ringgit.'","url":"https://lom.agc.gov.my/ilims/upload/portal/akta/outputp/2905105/PUA%20172_2025.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/my/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"National Minimum Wage","description":"Statutory national minimum wage payable to employees, set by ministerial order under the National Wages Consultative Council Act 2011.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-02-01","source":{"name":"Perintah Gaji Minimum 2024 / Minimum Wages Order 2024 [P.U. (A) 376/2024], made 2 December 2024 under s.23 of the Akta Majlis Perundingan Gaji Negara 2011 / National Wages Consultative Council Act 2011 [Act 732], gazetted 4 December 2024, paras 3 and 5","url":"https://gajiminimum.mohr.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/PUA%20376.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/my/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public Holidays","description":"Federal (nationwide) gazetted public holidays for calendar year 2026, with Holidays Act 1951 substitution applied.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Jadual Hari Kelepasan Am Persekutuan 2026, issued by Bahagian Kabinet, Perlembagaan dan Perhubungan Antara Kerajaan (BKPP), Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Putrajaya; substitution applied under the proviso to s.3 of the Holidays Act 1951 [Act 369]; First Schedule to Act 369 as amended by P.U. (B) 414/1972 (Labour Day), P.U. (B) 363/2005 (Awal Muharram) and P.U. (B) 491/2009 (Malaysia Day); additional 20 March 2026 holiday declared under s.8 of Act 369 by the Ministry of Human Resources (KESUMA) circular dated 15 March 2026","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260116151554/https://www.kabinet.gov.my/storage/2025/08/HKA-2026.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/my/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer Price Index (annual inflation)","description":"Headline consumer price inflation, year-on-year percentage change in the Consumer Price Index published monthly by the Department of Statistics Malaysia.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-22","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"Department of Statistics Malaysia (Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia), Consumer Price Index, July 2026, released 17 August 2026 under the Statistics Act 1965 [Act 415]: \"Malaysia's inflation increased 1.8 per cent in July 2026 as compared to 1.9 per cent in the previous month, with the index points increased to 137.1 from 134.7 (July 2025).\"","url":"https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/release-content/consumer-price-index-july-2026"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/my/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate Income Tax","description":"Standard statutory rate of income tax on the chargeable income of a resident company.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2016-01-01","source":{"name":"Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri Malaysia (Inland Revenue Board), Kadar Cukai Syarikat (Company Tax Rates), page updated 25 June 2026; statutory basis Part I of Schedule 1 to the Akta Cukai Pendapatan 1967 / Income Tax Act 1967 [Act 53]","url":"https://www.hasil.gov.my/syarikat/kadar-cukai-syarikat/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/my/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding taxes Malaysia levies on payments to non-residents - interest and royalties under s.109, special classes of income (technical services, installation, rent of movable property) under s.109B, and public entertainers under s.109A - each at its domestic statutory rate before any double taxation agreement relief. Dividends carry no withholding under the single-tier system. Levied under the Income Tax Act 1967 with rates in Schedule 1 Part II; administered by LHDN (Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Income Tax Act 1967 [Act 53], consolidated text 'As At 01-01-2026' published by the Attorney General's Chambers. Schedule 1 Part II: 'Notwithstanding Part I, income tax shall be charged on the following income at the following rates— 1. Income of a non-resident person consisting of interest (other than interest on an approved loan or interest of the kind referred to in paragraph 33 of Part I, Schedule 6) derived from Malaysia … 15% of gross; 2. Income of a non-resident person consisting of royalty derived from Malaysia … 10% of gross; 3. Income of a non-resident person (other than a company) consisting of remuneration or other income in respect of services performed or rendered in Malaysia by a public entertainer … 15% of gross'. Schedule 1 Part V separately charges the s.4A special classes of income of a non-resident person 'which is derived from Malaysia at the rate of 10% of gross'. The deduction obligations are s.109 (interest or royalty), s.109A ('The provisions of sections 109 and 110 shall apply mutatis mutandis to remuneration or other income in respect of services performed or rendered in Malaysia by a public entertainer'), s.109B (special classes of income) and s.107A(1) (contract payments to a non-resident contractor: 'ten per cent of the contract payment on account of tax which is or may be payable by that non-resident contractor' plus 'three per cent of the contract payment on account of tax which is or may be payable by employees of that non-resident contractor'). The Inland Revenue Board's own withholding-tax page (Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri Malaysia, 'Cukai Pegangan', hasil.gov.my/perundangan/cukai-pegangan/) states the same four rates: interest 15%, royalty 10%, public entertainer 15%, special classes of income 10%.","url":"https://lom.agc.gov.my/ilims/upload/portal/akta/outputaktap/3345910_BI/Act%2053%20(Online%202026).pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/my/withholding-tax"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal Income Tax","description":"Progressive income tax rate bands applied to the chargeable income of a resident individual.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2023-01-01","source":{"name":"Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri Malaysia (Inland Revenue Board), Kadar Cukai - Individu, table 'Tahun Taksiran 2023, 2024 & 2025'; statutory basis Part I of Schedule 1 to the Akta Cukai Pendapatan 1967 / Income Tax Act 1967 [Act 53] as amended by the Finance Act 2023 [Act 845]","url":"https://www.hasil.gov.my/individu/kadar-cukai/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/my/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Malaysia (MY): employee and employer shares of EPF, SOCSO and EIS plus the employer-only HRD Corp levy, with the ceilings and the instrument fixing each rate. Every one of the three main schemes is administered through a STATUTORY SCHEDULE OF FIXED CASH AMOUNTS by wage band, not by applying the headline percentage — that is the defining feature of Malaysian payroll.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2025-10-01","source":{"name":"Employees Provident Fund Act 1991 (Act 452), s. 43(1) and the Third Schedule, with the Employees Provident Fund (KWSP) published contribution rates and the extension of mandatory contribution to non-citizen employees from 1 October 2025; Employees' Social Security Act 1969 (Act 4), s. 6 and the Third Schedule; Employment Insurance System Act 2017 (Act 800), s. 18 and the Second Schedule; PERKESO (Social Security Organisation) \"Rate of Contribution\" page, stating the wage ceiling increase from RM5,000 to RM6,000 with effect from 1 October 2024; Pembangunan Sumber Manusia Berhad Act 2001 (Act 612) with HRD Corp published levy rates.","url":"https://www.perkeso.gov.my/en/rate-of-contribution.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/my/social-contributions"},{"id":"fx-reference","name":"BNM Kuala Lumpur USD/MYR Reference Rate","description":"Malaysia's official Kuala Lumpur USD/MYR Reference Rate: the 15:30 volume-weighted average of interbank USD/MYR spot trades, with Bank Negara Malaysia as calculation agent.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-13","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-09-11","source":{"name":"Bank Negara Malaysia — Kuala Lumpur USD/MYR Reference Rate, fix of 2026-09-11","url":"https://api.bnm.gov.my/public/kl-usd-reference-rate"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/my/fx-reference"}]},{"country":"NP","name":"Nepal","currency":"NPR","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"NRB policy rate (fixed repo rate)","description":"The policy rate of Nepal Rastra Bank — the fixed repo rate that sits in the middle of NRB's interest rate corridor and anchors the operating target (the weighted average interbank rate). Set in the annual Monetary Policy issued under section 94 of the Nepal Rastra Bank Act, 2058 for each Bikram Sambat fiscal year (mid-July to mid-July) and adjusted in the quarterly reviews (first-quarter, mid-term and third-quarter).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-02","source":{"name":"Nepal Rastra Bank, Macroeconomic Report, July 2026 (Economic Research Department), Table A4 'Interest Rates': 'Fixed Repo Rate (Corridor)' 4.25 at 2025 Mid-December and at every month thereafter to 2026 Mid-May (5.00 at 2025 Mid-July, 4.50 from 2025 Mid-August), with 'Fixed Deposit Collection Rate (Corridor)' 2.75 and 'Standing Liquidity Facility (SLF) Rate' and 'Bank Rate' both 5.75. The level is carried into the current fiscal year by Nepal Rastra Bank's Monetary Policy for FY 2083/84 (Asar 2083 / July 2026), point 14: the policy rate, standing deposit facility rate and bank rate under the interest rate corridor यथावत राखिएको छ (have been kept unchanged)","url":"https://www.nrb.org.np/contents/uploads/2026/07/Macroeconomic_Report_July_2026.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/np/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"VAT standard rate","description":"Standard rate of value added tax charged under section 7(1) of the Value Added Tax Act, 2052 (1996), administered by the Inland Revenue Department. Nepal's VAT year follows the Bikram Sambat fiscal year (mid-July to mid-July).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2005-01-14","source":{"name":"मूल्य अभिवृद्धि कर ऐन, २०५२ (Value Added Tax Act, 2052), section 7(1) as amended: 'यस ऐन बमोजिम लाग्ने करको दर तेह्र प्रतिशतको एकल दर हुनेछ' — the rate of tax chargeable under this Act shall be a SINGLE rate of thirteen percent; section 7(2) charges zero rate on the goods and services listed in Schedule 2. Consolidated text published by the Inland Revenue Department as 'मूल्य अभिवृद्धि कर ऐन, २०५२ (आर्थिक ऐन, २०८२ ले गरेको संशोधन सहित)', 18 Poush 2082","url":"https://ird.gov.np/content/13407/value-added-tax-act--2052--as-amended/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/np/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT registration becomes compulsory in Nepal (goods; a lower limit applies to services and mixed dealings), with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and the separate registration rule for imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2024-07-16","source":{"name":"मूल्य अभिवृद्धि कर ऐन, २०५२ (Value Added Tax Act, 2052 (1996)), IRD consolidation \"आर्थिक ऐन, २०८२ ले गरेको संशोधन सहित\" (as amended by Finance Act 2082 (2025)). Threshold amounts as stated in the Act, s.11(1)(च): \"विगत बाह्र महिनामा वस्तुको हकमा पचास लाख रुपैयाँ र वस्तु तथा सेवा मिश्रित कारोबारको र सेवाको हकमा तीस लाख रुपैयाँ करयोग्य कारोबार नपुगेको करदाता भएमा\" ('where in the past twelve months the taxpayer's taxable transactions did not reach fifty lakh rupees in the case of goods, and thirty lakh rupees in the case of mixed goods-and-services transactions and of services'); footnote: \"आर्थिक ऐन, २०८१ द्वारा संशोधित। साविकमा 'बीस लाख रुपैयाँ' भन्ने शब्दहरू रहेका।\" (thirty lakh substituted for the former twenty lakh by Finance Act 2081, certified 2081-04-01 BS = 16 July 2024). Small-supplier relief and the registration trigger: s.9 (exemption \"तोकिएको रकमसम्मको वार्षिक कर लाग्ने कारोबार\" — up to the prescribed amount) read with s.10(2) (application within thirty days) and VAT Rules 2053 r.7, which prescribes the same NPR 50 lakh (goods) / 30 lakh (services or mixed) amounts.","url":"https://ird.gov.np/content/13407/value-added-tax-act--2052--as-amended/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/np/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"National minimum remuneration","description":"The statutory national minimum remuneration (न्यूनतम पारिश्रमिक) for workers, fixed by the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security under section 106(1) of the Labour Act, 2074 on the recommendation of the Minimum Remuneration Fixation Committee constituted under section 107. The Act requires the Ministry to fix it EVERY TWO YEARS; it is expressed as a basic remuneration plus a dearness allowance, and quoted monthly, daily and hourly.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-07-17","source":{"name":"Government of Nepal, Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security (श्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा मन्त्रालय), Singhadurbar — प्रेस विज्ञप्ति of 2082/04/01 (17 July 2025): under section 106(1) of the Labour Act, 2074 and on the recommendation of the Minimum Remuneration Fixation Committee under section 107, by Ministry decision of 2082/3/32 at Hon. Minister level, the minimum remuneration is fixed as follows with effect from 2082 Shrawan 1 — monthly basic 12,170 + dearness allowance 7,380 = Rs 19,550; daily 470 + 284 = Rs 754; per hour 63 + 38 = Rs 101; and for part-time workers Rs 107 per hour","url":"https://www.moless.gov.np/content/13291/press-release-related-press-release-remuneration-remained/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/np/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Nepal's gazetted public, festival and substitute holidays falling in Gregorian calendar year 2026, from the two Ministry of Home Affairs notices published in the Nepal Gazette that between them cover the year: the BS 2082 notice (which runs to 13 April 2026) and the BS 2083 notice (which runs from 14 April 2026). Dates are given in Gregorian with the Bikram Sambat date of the gazette entry in the name.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Nepal Gazette (नेपाल राजपत्र), Part 5, Ministry of Home Affairs notice — Khanda 75, Sankhya 67, Kathmandu, Falgun 18, 2082 (2 March 2026): the Government of Nepal's decision fixing the public, festival and substitute holidays and office hours for all government offices and public bodies for the year from Baishakh 1, 2083 to the end of Chaitra. Read together with Khanda 74, Sankhya 59, dated 2081/11/15, which covers Baishakh 1, 2082 to the end of Chaitra 2082 and therefore governs 1 January to 13 April 2026. Both notices are hosted by the Ministry of Home Affairs","url":"https://www.moha.gov.np/page/government-and-public-holidays-in-2083"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/np/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer price inflation (year-on-year)","description":"Headline national consumer price inflation, year-on-year percent for the latest published Nepali month, compiled and published by the Economic Research Department of Nepal Rastra Bank on the national Consumer Price Index (base year 2023/24 = 100). Released monthly in the 'Current Macroeconomic and Financial Situation' report, about a month after the reference month closes.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-05-15","source":{"name":"Nepal Rastra Bank, Economic Research Department — 'Current Macroeconomic and Financial Situation of Nepal, Based on Eleven Months' Data (Ending Mid-June) of Fiscal Year 2025/26', released 13 July 2026, para 1: 'The y-o-y consumer price inflation stood at 5.22 percent in mid-June 2026 compared to 2.72 percent a year ago. Food and beverage inflation stood at 4.95 percent whereas non-food and service inflation stood at 5.37 percent in the review month'","url":"https://www.nrb.org.np/contents/uploads/2026/07/Current-Macroeconomic-and-Financial-Situation-English-Based-on-11-Month-data-of-2025.26-1.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/np/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax standard rate","description":"Standard rate of income tax on the taxable income of an entity (निकाय), Schedule 1, section 2(1) of the Income Tax Act, 2058, administered by the Inland Revenue Department. Nepal's income year is the Bikram Sambat fiscal year, 1 Shrawan to the end of Ashadh (mid-July to mid-July).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2002-04-01","source":{"name":"आयकर ऐन, २०५८ (Income Tax Act, 2058), Schedule 1 (अनुसूची-१, relating to section 4), section 2 'निकायको सम्बन्धमा', sub-section (1): 'यस दफाको उपदफा (२), (३), (५) र (७) को अधीनमा रही कुनै आय वर्षमा कुनै निकायको करयोग्य आयमा पच्चीस प्रतिशतका दरले कर लाग्नेछ' — subject to sub-sections (2), (3), (5) and (7), tax is charged at twenty-five percent on an entity's taxable income for an income year. Consolidated text published by the Inland Revenue Department as 'आयकर ऐन, २०५८ (आर्थिक ऐन, २०८२ ले गरेको संशोधन सहित)', 18 Poush 2082","url":"https://ird.gov.np/content/13405/income-tax-act--2058--as-amended-by/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/np/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The taxes Nepal withholds on payments of investment returns and service charges under sections 88 and 89 of the Income Tax Act 2058 (2002) - 15% on interest, natural resource payments, rent, royalties and service charges, 5% on dividends (final), and 5% on contract payments to non-residents - each at its domestic statutory rate before any tax-treaty relief. The section 88 rates apply to payments with a Nepalese source whether the recipient is resident or non-resident. Administered by the Inland Revenue Department (ird.gov.np).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"secondary","source":{"name":"Income Tax Act 2058 (2002), s.88(1): in making payment 'for interest, natural resource, rent, royalty, service charge' having source in Nepal 'the person shall withhold tax at the rate of fifteen percent of the total amount of payment'; s.88(2)(a): 'In a dividend payment, at the rate of 5% of amount' (final under s.92); s.89(3): contract payments to non-residents 5%","url":"https://www.ird.gov.np/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/np/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory late-payment interest","description":"Nepal fixes no statutory or default interest rate on money debts. The National Civil Code 2074 leaves the rate to the parties' deed, denies interest altogether where the deed is silent, and caps only the total — so there is no legal rate to serve.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"National Civil (Code) Act, 2074 (2017), Chapter on transactions of borrowing or lending, ss. 478-481: s. 478 entitles a creditor to interest on a loan at the rate the parties agree in the deed and states no statutory rate; s. 479 provides that where the deed of transaction does not provide for interest the creditor shall not collect interest from the debtor; s. 480 bars compound interest; s. 481 provides that the interest recoverable shall not exceed the principal","url":"https://www.jica.go.jp/Resource/activities/issues/governance/portal/nepal/ku57pq00002khibz-att/civil_code_1st_amendment_en.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/np/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax bands","description":"Statutory marginal rate schedule applied to the taxable income of a resident natural person OR of a couple electing under section 50 of the Act, Schedule 1, section 1(1) of the Income Tax Act, 2058 as substituted by section 57(26) of the Finance Act, 2083. Amounts are per income year (1 Shrawan to end of Ashadh, mid-July to mid-July) and apply to taxable income.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-17","source":{"name":"आर्थिक विधेयक/ऐन, २०८३ (Finance Act, 2083, presented 15 Jestha 2083 = 29 May 2026), section 57(26), substituting Schedule 1 section 1(1) of the Income Tax Act, 2058 and replacing the words 'प्राकृतिक व्यक्तिको' with 'प्राकृतिक व्यक्ति वा दम्पतीको' in the section heading: 1 percent on employment taxable income up to Rs 1,000,000; Rs 10,000 plus 10 percent on the excess above Rs 1,000,000 up to Rs 1,500,000; Rs 60,000 plus 20 percent up to Rs 2,500,000; Rs 260,000 plus 27 percent above Rs 2,500,000; and where taxable income exceeds Rs 4,000,000, an additional tax of TWO PERCENTAGE POINTS ('थप दुई प्रतिशत बिन्दुले अतिरिक्त कर') on the excess. Section 1(2) of the same Act places section 57 outside the immediate-commencement list, so it applies from 2083 Shrawan 1","url":"https://mof.gov.np/content/1742/economic-bill--2083/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/np/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Nepal (NP): employee and employer shares of each statutory social security scheme, with the base and the instrument fixing each rate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-11-27","source":{"name":"सामाजिक सुरक्षा योजना सञ्चालन कार्यविधि, २०७५ (Social Security Scheme Operating Procedure, 2075), as approved by the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security on 2075/08/06 and amended by the first (2076/03/29), second (2077/10/29) and third (2079/06/05) amendments — official consolidated text published by the सामाजिक सुरक्षा कोष (Social Security Fund), दफा ३, ४, ५, ६, ७, १९, २५, २५क, ३०, ३१; योगदानमा आधारित सामाजिक सुरक्षा ऐन, २०७४ (Contribution Based Social Security Act, 2074), दफा १० (schemes) and दफा ७०(२) (power to make the Procedure); योगदानमा आधारित सामाजिक सुरक्षा नियमावली, २०७५ (Contribution Based Social Security Regulations, 2075); श्रम ऐन, २०७४ (Labour Act, 2074), दफा ४५(३) (maternity leave) and the provident fund and gratuity provisions displaced for enrolled employers.","url":"https://ssf.gov.np/images/news/16740193245637_scheme-operating-procedure-2075-third-ammendment.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/np/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"OM","name":"Oman","currency":"OMR","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"CBO Repo Rate (interest rate on repurchase operations with the Central Bank of Oman)","description":"The Repo Rate is the interest rate at which the Central Bank of Oman (CBO) injects rial liquidity into licensed banks through repurchase operations against eligible collateral. It is CBO's principal policy/liquidity-injection rate and the rate CBO quotes in every weekly Treasury-bill announcement. Because the Rial Omani is pegged to the US dollar, CBO does not run an independent stance: it moves the Repo Rate in step with the US Federal Reserve. CBO also operates a Treasury Bills Discounting Facility at a higher rate (4.75% at confirmation), which is a standing facility, not the policy rate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-11","source":{"name":"Central Bank of Oman — weekly Government Treasury Bills tender announcement, 20 July 2026: \"the interest rate on the Repo operations with CBO is 4.25% while the discount rate on the Treasury Bills Discounting Facility with CBO is 4.75%\"","url":"https://cbo.gov.om/news/764"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/om/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value Added Tax (VAT) — standard rate","description":"Oman's standard rate of value added tax, levied under the VAT Law promulgated by Royal Decree No. 121/2020 and administered by the Oman Tax Authority (OTA). Oman was the fourth GCC state to implement VAT under the GCC Unified VAT Agreement. The rate is a single standard rate with a defined list of zero-rated and exempt supplies.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-05","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2021-04-16","source":{"name":"Oman Tax Authority — VAT FAQs: \"The standard rate of tax will be 5% on most goods and services, with a few exceptions\"; VAT Law issued by Royal Decree 121/2020 (OTA VAT Law & Regulations index)","url":"https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/vat-faqs"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/om/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Oman, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2021-04-16","source":{"name":"Tax Authority Chairman's Decision Determining the Mandatory and Voluntary Registration Thresholds (issued under the VAT Law, Royal Decree No. 121/2020; OTA English translation), Article One: 'The Mandatory Registration Threshold in accordance with the provisions of Article (55) of the aforementioned Value Added Tax Law shall be (38,500) thirty-eight thousand and five hundred Omani Rials'; Article Two: voluntary threshold '(19,250) nineteen thousand two hundred and fifty Omani Rials' (Art. 61). VAT Law Art. 55: registration where 'the total value of supplies achieved at the end of any month in addition to the eleven months immediately preceding it, exceeds the Mandatory Registration Threshold', or the expected value over the month plus the eleven following it. Art. 57: 'Every person who has no Place of Residence in the Sultanate, shall register with the Authority, and that is from the date on which he is obliged to pay the Tax.' The Arabic Official Gazette text prevails over the translation.","url":"https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/documents/20126/1414820/Determining+the+Mandatory+and+Voluntary+Registration+Thresholds.pdf/4c5d8dcb-5b81-34ae-a1d2-e3c6d8431988"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/om/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Minimum wage for Omani nationals in the private sector","description":"Oman's statutory wage floor is NOT a universal minimum wage. It is a nationality-scoped floor that applies only to OMANI NATIONALS employed in the private sector, fixed by Ministerial Decision No. 222 of 2013 (Ministry of Manpower, now Ministry of Labour) at OMR 325 per month made up of an OMR 225 basic wage plus OMR 100 in allowances. Expatriate/migrant private-sector workers are NOT covered by any statutory minimum wage in Oman. Under the Labour Law promulgated by Royal Decree No. 53/2023, Article 88, the minimum wage is set by decision of the Minister of Labour after consultation with the Committee for Joint Dialogue between Production Parties and approval by the Council of Ministers.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2013-07-01","source":{"name":"Ministerial Order (Decision) No. 222 of 2013 fixing the Minimum Wage for Omani Workers in the Private Sector — ILO NATLEX national legislation record; enabling provision now Article 88 of the Labour Law promulgated by Royal Decree No. 53/2023","url":"https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/r/natlex/fe/details?p3_isn=95440"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/om/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Official public holidays","description":"Oman's official public holidays for calendar year 2026, applying to units of the State's administrative apparatus, other public legal persons and private-sector establishments. The catalogue of holidays is fixed by Royal Decree No. 88/2022 (as amended by Royal Decree No. 15/2025); the Gregorian dates for each year are announced by the Ministry of Labour under a Council of Ministers policy, adopted for 2026, of publishing the calendar in advance — except the two Eids, whose dates follow the declarations of the Main Committee for Determining the Beginning of Hijri Months (moon sighting).","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Ministry of Labour / Council of Ministers — advance announcement of Oman's 2026 public holidays, 28 December 2025 (Accession Day 15 Jan, Isra' wal Mi'raj 18 Jan, Hijri New Year 18 Jun, Prophet's Birthday 27 Aug, National Day 25-26 Nov); Eid dates announced separately by the Ministry of Labour on the declaration of the Main Committee for Determining the Beginning of Hijri Months. Catalogue of holidays fixed by Royal Decree No. 88/2022 as amended by Royal Decree No. 15/2025","url":"https://www.omanobserver.om/article/1181777/oman/labour/except-for-eids-oman-announces-public-holidays-for-2026"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/om/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer Price Index — annual inflation rate (latest month)","description":"Oman's official Consumer Price Index, compiled and published monthly by the National Centre for Statistics and Information (NCSI), the national statistical authority, on a 2018 = 100 base. NCSI's headline monthly release is the year-on-year change in the general CPI for the Sultanate, with breakdowns by COICOP division and by governorate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-08-01","source":{"name":"NCSI Consumer Price Inflation Report August 2026 (portal dated 09/10/2026; PDF stamped إصدار: سبتمبر 2026). Arabic page-1 headline % 3.4 vs same month prior year. English page: Sultanate of Oman 3.4%. Base year 2018. June report was 2.8%.","url":"https://api.ncsi.gov.om/uploads/pdfs/consumer_price_inflation_reportr___august_2026_1789031625.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/om/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax — standard rate","description":"Oman's standard rate of income tax on the taxable income of Omani establishments, companies and permanent establishments, set by Article 52 of the Income Tax Law promulgated by Royal Decree No. 28/2009 (as amended, principally by Royal Decree No. 9/2017 and Royal Decree No. 118/2020) and administered by the Oman Tax Authority. Unlike Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait and the UAE's pre-2023 position, Oman's corporate income tax is a GENERAL tax of broad application: it is not scoped to foreign ownership and it is not confined to oil and gas or banking. It applies to Omani-owned and foreign-owned entities alike, with no tax-free threshold.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2017-01-01","source":{"name":"Income Tax Law promulgated by Royal Decree No. 28/2009 (as amended), Article 52 — tax is calculated at 15% of the taxable income of any Omani establishment, company or permanent establishment for any tax year; official English text published by the Oman Tax Authority","url":"https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/documents/20126/1455220/income+tax+law+english.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/om/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding tax Oman levies on payments to foreign persons without an Omani permanent establishment under Article 52 of the Income Tax Law (Royal Decree 28/2009, as amended by Royal Decree 9/2017) - 10% on royalties, management fees, R&D consideration, computer software and service fees - with the dividend and interest heads suspended (permanently, per the January 2023 Royal Directive). Domestic statutory rates before any double-tax agreement relief. Administered by the Oman Tax Authority.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-14","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2023-01-11","source":{"name":"Oman Tax Authority, Tax Portal, \"Withholding Tax\": tax is imposed on income generated in Oman by a foreign person without a permanent establishment there, on seven heads — royalties; consideration for carrying on researches and development; consideration for the use or right to use of computer software; fees for management; dividends; interests; performance of services — and \"Any taxpayer or any government body who pays or credits to the account any amounts of the aforementioned types of income shall deduct the tax at the rate of 10% of the total amount paid or credited to the account\". The statutory head is Article 52 of the Income Tax Law promulgated by Royal Decree 28/2009, as amended by Royal Decree 9/2017, published by the Tax Authority itself at https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/documents/20126/1455217/Income+Tax+Law+(English+Version).pdf. NOTE: the Tax Authority's page states the statutory position. Dividends and interest are served at 0 because they are separately SUSPENDED by the Royal Directive of 11 January 2023, which that page does not reflect; see the per-head sources.","url":"https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/withholding-tax"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/om/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Legal return on commercial loans and debts (العائد على قرض أو دين تجاري)","description":"Oman's legal interest on commercial loans and debts: 6% per annum, re-fixed every year by ministerial decision under Article 80 of the Commercial Law — currently Ministerial Decision 409/2025, effective for one year from its publication on 5 October 2025.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-10-05","source":{"name":"Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Investment Promotion, Ministerial Decision No. 409/2025 determining the return for obtaining a commercial loan or debt, Art. 1: 'يحدد العائد مقابل الحصول على قرض أو دين تجاري بنسبة (٦٪) ستة بالمائة، ما لم يتفق على أقل من ذلك' (the return for obtaining a commercial loan or debt is fixed at six per cent, unless a lower rate is agreed); Art. 3: 'ينشر هذا القرار في الجريدة الرسمية، ويعمل به لمدة عام من تاريخ نشره' (published in the Official Gazette and effective for one year from its publication) — Official Gazette issue 1616, 5 October 2025; made under Commercial Law (Royal Decree 55/1990) Art. 80: interest is set 'within the limits specified by the Ministry of Commerce & Industry in agreement with the Oman Chamber of Commerce & Industry every year'","url":"https://qanoon.om/p/2025/mociip20250409/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/om/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax","description":"Personal income tax on the income of individuals. NO PERSONAL INCOME TAX IS IN FORCE IN OMAN as of the confirmation date — individuals pay no tax on salaries, wages or other personal income. A Personal Income Tax Law HAS however been enacted (Royal Decree No. 56/2025), the first in the GCC, but it does not commence until 1 January 2028.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Oman Tax Authority — 'Issuance of Personal Income Tax (PIT) Law': the Personal Income Tax Law issued by Royal Decree No. 56/2025 imposes 5% on taxable income of a natural person whose total income exceeds OMR 42,000 annually, and \"the law will enter into force at the beginning of 2028\"","url":"https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/w/issuance-of-personal-income-tax-pit-law"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/om/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for a private-sector employee in Oman (OM) under the Social Protection Law promulgated by Royal Decree 52/2023 and administered by the Social Protection Fund: the branches that apply to Omani nationals, the branches that already reach non-Omanis, and the end-of-service position pending the 2027 savings scheme.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Social Protection Law promulgated by Royal Decree 52/2023 (Sultanate of Oman), read with the System of the Social Protection Fund promulgated by Royal Decree 50/2023 and with Royal Decree 60/2025 amending the commencement timetable for the occupational-injury branch in respect of non-Omani workers and for the sick-and-other-leave branch; Labour Law promulgated by Royal Decree 53/2023 for end-of-service gratuity. Branch rates and the OMR 180-3,000 contribution wage range as published in 2026 Oman payroll-compliance schedules; the 2027 replacement of expatriate end-of-service gratuity by a 9%-of-basic-wage employer contribution to a Social Protection Fund savings account as reported in Omani press and international benefits alerts.","url":"https://decree.om/2023/rd20230052/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/om/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"PH","name":"Philippines","currency":"PHP","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"BSP Target Reverse Repurchase (RRP) Rate","description":"Benchmark policy rate of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, set at the midpoint of the interest-rate corridor by the Monetary Board (~6 scheduled meetings per year).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-06-19","source":{"name":"BSP Monetary Board decision of 18 June 2026 (+25 bps to 4.75%), Monetary Policy Report - June 2026, p.1; BSP daily Target RRP rate series","url":"https://www.bsp.gov.ph/statistics/Financial%20System%20Accounts/BSPrates_rrp_data.aspx"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ph/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value-Added Tax (standard rate)","description":"Standard VAT rate on sale, barter, exchange and importation of goods and on services, NIRC Sections 106-108.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-05","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2006-02-01","source":{"name":"NIRC Secs. 106 & 108 as amended by Republic Act No. 9337 (24 May 2005); rate raised 10%->12% effective 1 Feb 2006 per Executive Secretary memorandum of 31 Jan 2006, circularized by BIR Revenue Memorandum Circular No. 7-2006","url":"https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2005/ra_9337_2005.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ph/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in the Philippines, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-01-01","source":{"name":"National Internal Revenue Code of 1997, sec. 109(CC), as amended by RA 11976 (Ease of Paying Taxes Act) sec. 18: gross annual sales 'do not exceed the amount [of] Three million pesos (P3,000,000): Provided, That the amount herein stated shall be adjusted to its present values using the consumer price index... every three (3) years.' Registration duty in sec. 236(F)(1) as amended by RA 11976 sec. 34 and RA 12023 sec. 11: liability to register for VAT where '(a) The person's gross sales for the past twelve (12) months... have exceeded the threshold... or (b) There are reasonable grounds to believe that the gross sales for the next twelve (12) months... will exceed the threshold'. Figure originally set by RA 10963 (TRAIN) sec. 34, effective 1 January 2018.","url":"https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/96948"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ph/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Minimum Wage (lowest regional non-agriculture daily floor)","description":"Lowest general non-agriculture daily minimum wage among the Philippines' 17 regional wage-board schedules (RA 6727 regional wage-order matrix).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-08-06","source":{"name":"Wage Order No. BARMM-05 (issued 15 Jul 2026, effective 6 Aug 2026); NWPC 'Summary of Current Regional Daily Minimum Wage Rates by Region, Philippines: as of August 5, 2026'","url":"https://nwpc.dole.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Summary-of-Current-Regl-MWRs-Non-Agri-and-Agri-by-Region-August-5_2026.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ph/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public Holidays 2026","description":"Nationwide regular holidays and special (non-working) days for calendar year 2026.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Proclamation No. 1006, s. 2025 (3 Sep 2025); Proclamation No. 1189, s. 2026 (12 Mar 2026, Eid'l Fitr); Proclamation No. 1264, s. 2026 (21 May 2026, Eid'l Adha)","url":"https://lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc2025/proc_1006_2025.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ph/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer Price Inflation (headline, y/y)","description":"Year-on-year change in the national all-items Consumer Price Index (2018=100), Philippine Statistics Authority.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-06-01","source":{"name":"PSA Summary Inflation Report, Consumer Price Index (2018=100): June 2026, Reference No. 2026-207, released 7 July 2026","url":"https://psa.gov.ph/content/summary-inflation-report-consumer-price-index-2018100-june-2026"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ph/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate Income Tax (regular rate)","description":"Regular corporate income tax (RCIT) on net taxable income of domestic and resident foreign corporations, NIRC Sec. 27(A)/28(A).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2020-07-01","source":{"name":"NIRC Sec. 27(A) as amended by RA 11534 (CREATE, 26 Mar 2021) and RA 12066 (CREATE MORE, signed 8 Nov 2024)","url":"https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2024/ra_12066_2024.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ph/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The final taxes the Philippines imposes on Philippine-source income of a nonresident foreign corporation (NRFC) under Section 28(B) of the National Internal Revenue Code (NIRC) as amended by the CREATE Act (RA 11534) - a 25% final tax on gross income including dividends and royalties, a 20% final tax on interest on foreign loans, and a 15% dividend rate under the tax-sparing rule - each at its domestic statutory rate before any tax-treaty relief. Administered by the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2021-01-01","source":{"name":"NIRC Section 28(B) as amended by RA 11534 (CREATE): 'a foreign corporation not engaged in trade or business in the Philippines, effective January 1, 2021, shall pay a tax equal to twenty-five percent (25%) of the gross income received during each taxable year from all sources within the Philippines, such as interests, dividends, rents, royalties...'; s.28(B)(5)(a) interest on foreign loans 20%; s.28(B)(5)(b) intercorporate dividends 15% subject to tax sparing","url":"https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2021/ra_11534_2021.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ph/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Legal interest rate","description":"The Philippine legal interest rate: 6% per annum since 1 July 2013, set by Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Circular No. 799 for loans, forbearance and judgments, and matching the 6% legal interest the Civil Code already fixes for delay in paying a sum of money.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2013-07-01","source":{"name":"BSP Circular No. 799, Series of 2013 (Monetary Board Resolution No. 796 of 16 May 2013), Section 1, amending Section 2 of Circular No. 905 s. 1982: 'The rate of interest for the loan or forbearance of any money, goods or credits and the rate allowed in judgments, in the absence of an express contract as to such rate of interest, shall be six percent (6%) per annum' — effective 1 July 2013; Civil Code (Republic Act No. 386) Art. 2209: on delay in paying a sum of money the indemnity, absent stipulation, is 'the legal interest, which is six per cent per annum'","url":"https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Regulations/Issuances/2013/c799.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ph/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal Income Tax (graduated schedule)","description":"Graduated income tax on taxable income of resident individuals, NIRC Sec. 24(A)(2)(a) - schedule in force from 1 January 2023.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2023-01-01","source":{"name":"NIRC Sec. 24(A)(2)(a) as amended by RA 10963 (TRAIN Act, signed 19 Dec 2017), Sec. 5 - schedule applicable from 1 January 2023 onwards","url":"https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2017/ra_10963_2017.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ph/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in the Philippines (PH): employee and employer shares of SSS, the Employees' Compensation levy, PhilHealth and Pag-IBIG, with the ceilings and the instrument fixing each rate. SSS IS ADMINISTERED AS A BRACKETED CONTRIBUTION TABLE keyed to a Monthly Salary Credit, not as a percentage of actual pay — the percentages here describe that table rather than replace it.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Republic Act No. 11199 (Social Security Act of 2018) and the SSS contribution schedule for employers and employees (SSS Circular 2024-006 and successors); Presidential Decree No. 626 as amended (Employees' Compensation Programme); Republic Act No. 11223 (Universal Health Care Act) with the PhilHealth advisory of 6 May 2026 confirming the 2026 premium rate, as reported by the Philippine Information Agency, \"PhilHealth sets 5% premium contribution rate for 2026\"; Republic Act No. 9679 (Home Development Mutual Fund Law of 2009) with HDMF Circular No. 460 on the Maximum Fund Salary increase effective February 2024.","url":"https://pia.gov.ph/news/philhealth-sets-5-premium-contribution-rate-for-2026/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/ph/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"PK","name":"Pakistan","currency":"PKR","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"SBP Policy (Target) Rate","description":"The State Bank of Pakistan's policy (target) rate — the anchor of the interest rate corridor and the target for the overnight money market repo rate — set by the Monetary Policy Committee constituted under the SBP Act, 1956 (as amended by the SBP (Amendment) Act, 2022). The MPC meets on a pre-announced calendar, eight times per fiscal year.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-07","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-04-28","source":{"name":"State Bank of Pakistan - Monetary Policy Statement, July 27, 2026: 'The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) unanimously decided to keep the policy rate unchanged at 11.5 percent in its meeting held today.' URL WARNING: SBP rebuilt its website on 1 July 2026 and the old /press/<year>/Pr-DD-Mon-YYYY.pdf paths now return the press-release landing page as HTML with HTTP 200 rather than 404, so a stale citation looks alive while serving the wrong document. Current releases live under /assets/document/publications/.","url":"https://www.sbp.org.pk/assets/document/publications/MPS-July-2026-Eng.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/pk/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"General Sales Tax (GST) — federal standard rate on goods","description":"Pakistan's VAT-equivalent. The FEDERAL sales tax on goods levied under section 3(1) of the Sales Tax Act, 1990, administered by the Federal Board of Revenue. Services are NOT in the federal net — each province taxes services separately under its own law and its own rate schedule (see notes).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2023-02-15","source":{"name":"Sales Tax Act, 1990, section 3(1) — \"there shall be charged, levied and paid a tax known as sales tax at the rate of [eighteen] per cent of the value of (a) taxable supplies made ... by a registered person ... and (b) goods imported into Pakistan\"; FBR consolidated text amended up to 30-06-2026 (footnote 142: \"Substituted for seventeen vide Finance (Supplementary) Act, 2023\")","url":"https://download1.fbr.gov.pk/Docs/20267171373418951SalesTaxAct1990updatedupto30.06.2026.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/pk/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which sales-tax registration becomes compulsory in Pakistan. Refusal-with-structure: federal sales tax has NO general turnover-based registration threshold — registration is category-based, with a turnover figure appearing only inside the cottage-industry carve-out for manufacturers.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Sales Tax Act, 1990, FBR consolidated text updated for 2025-26 (incorporating Finance Act, 2025), s.14(1): \"Every person engaged in making taxable supplies in Pakistan, including zero-rated supplies, in the course or furtherance of any taxable activity carried on by him, falling in any of the following categories, if not already registered, is required to be registered under this Act, namely:- (a) a manufacturer who is not running a cottage industry; (b) a retailer who is liable to pay sales tax under the Act or rules made thereunder, excluding such retailer required to pay sales tax through his electricity bill under sub-section (9) of section 3; (c) an importer; (d) an exporter who intends to obtain sales tax refund against his zero-rated supplies; (e) a wholesaler, dealer or distributor; and (f) a person who is required, under any other Federal law or Provincial law, to be registered...\". s.2(5AB): \"'cottage industry' means a manufacturing concern, which fulfils each of following conditions, namely:- (a) does not have an industrial gas or electricity connection; (b) is located in a residential area; (c) does not have a total labour force of more than ten workers; and (d) annual turnover from all supplies does not exceed [eight] million rupees\" (clause substituted by Finance Act, 2019; the word \"eight\" substituted for \"ten\" by Finance (Supplementary) Act, 2022). Exemption effected by Sixth Schedule, Table-2 (local supplies only), serial 3: \"Supplies made by cottage industry.\"","url":"https://download1.fbr.gov.pk/Docs/202586148252375SalesTaxActupdatedupto2025-26.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/pk/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Minimum wage (unskilled worker, monthly)","description":"Pakistan has NO single statutory national minimum wage. Since the 18th Constitutional Amendment, wage fixation is a provincial subject: each province's tripartite Minimum Wages Board fixes and gazettes rates under its own law (Punjab Minimum Wages Act 2019, Sindh Minimum Wages Act 2015, KP Minimum Wages Act 2013, Balochistan Minimum Wages Act 2021). The federal government fixes the rate for the Islamabad Capital Territory and announces a headline national figure in the annual federal budget, which the provinces then broadly track. This series carries that federal budget figure for an UNSKILLED worker.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"Government of Pakistan, Finance Division — Federal Budget Speech 2026-27 delivered by Finance Minister Muhammad Aurangzeb on 12 June 2026, Part III (Relief Measures), para 93: a ten (10) per cent increase in the minimum monthly wage is proposed for FY2026-27 (alongside 7% increases in government salaries and pensions)","url":"https://www.finance.gov.pk/budget/budget_2026_27/Budget_Speech_2026_27.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/pk/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Federal public holidays for calendar year 2026, notified by the Cabinet Division (Cabinet Secretariat, Government of Pakistan) in its annual circular on public and optional holidays, as amended by the Prime Minister's separate moon-sighting notifications. Dates below are the FINAL notified dates.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Cabinet Secretariat, Cabinet Division — Circular F.No. 10-1/2025-Min-II, Islamabad, 19 January 2026, 'Public and Optional Holidays for the Year 2026'; as amended by Notification No.10-1/2026-Min-II of 15 March 2026 (Eid-ul-Fitr: 20 and 21 March 2026), Notification No.10-01/2026-Min-II of 20 May 2026 (Eid-ul-Azha: 26, 27 and 28 May 2026) and Notification No.10-01/2026-Min-II of 22 June 2026 (Ashura: 25 and 26 June 2026)","url":"https://cabinet.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/Holidays/2026/Public-Holidays-2026.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/pk/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"CPI inflation (year-on-year)","description":"National Consumer Price Index inflation, year-on-year percent, latest published month, from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (Ministry of Planning, Development & Special Initiatives). Base year 2015-16 = 100. Released in the first days of the following month.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-06-01","source":{"name":"Pakistan Bureau of Statistics — Monthly Review on Price Indices, June 2026 (Base Year 2015-16), Table 1: National CPI general index 293.47 in June 2026 vs 264.22 in June 2025, \"increased by 11.07% over corresponding month of the last year\"","url":"https://www.pbs.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Monthly-Review-June-2026.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/pk/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax rate","description":"Standard rate of tax on the taxable income of a resident company other than a banking company or a small company, under Division II of Part I of the First Schedule to the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, administered by the Federal Board of Revenue. Pakistan's tax year runs 1 July to 30 June and is named for the year in which it ends (tax year 2027 = FY2026-27).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-07-01","source":{"name":"Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, First Schedule Part I Division II ('Rates of Tax for Companies') — Table as substituted by the Income Tax (Amendment) Act, 2025 (Act No. XIII of 2025): Banking Company 44% (TY2025), 43% (TY2026), 42% (TY2027 and onwards); Small Company 20%; Any other company 29%. FBR consolidated text of the Ordinance","url":"https://download1.fbr.gov.pk/Docs/2026226162211364IncomeTaxOrdinance2001-Amended-20.02.2026.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/pk/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding taxes Pakistan levies on payments to non-residents under the Income Tax Ordinance 2001 - dividends (section 150), royalties and fees for technical services taxed under section 6 and withheld under section 152(1), and profit on debt paid to non-residents - each at its domestic statutory rate before any tax-treaty relief. Administered by the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"secondary","source":{"name":"Income Tax Ordinance 2001: s.152(1) 'Every person paying an amount of royalty or fees for technical services to a non-resident person... shall deduct tax from the gross amount paid at the rate specified in Division IV of Part I of the First Schedule' (15%); s.150 dividends with Division I Part III First Schedule (15% general); profit on debt to non-residents 10% (PwC); FBR statutory text at fbr.gov.pk","url":"https://www.fbr.gov.pk/section-152/152725"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/pk/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory late-payment interest","description":"Pakistan fixes no statutory interest rate on money debts — interest is discretionary under the Interest Act 1839 and section 34 of the Code of Civil Procedure — and the Constitution now requires riba to be eliminated completely before 1 January 2028.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Interest Act 1839 (Act No. XXXII of 1839) s. 1: the Court 'may, if it shall think fit, allow interest to the creditor at a rate not exceeding the current rate of interest'; Constitution of Pakistan Art. 38(f) as substituted by the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act 2024: the State shall 'eliminate riba completely before the first day of January, 2028'","url":"https://pakistancode.gov.pk/english/UY2FqaJw1-apaUY2Fqa-apaUY2Npa5lk-sg-jjjjjjjjjjjjj"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/pk/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax brackets — SALARIED individuals","description":"Statutory tax rates on the taxable income of a SALARIED individual (an individual whose salary income exceeds 75% of taxable income), under clause (2) of Division I of Part I of the First Schedule to the Income Tax Ordinance, 2001. Rates for tax year 2027 (income year 1 July 2026 to 30 June 2027), as substituted by the Finance Act, 2026. Non-salaried individuals and associations of persons are taxed on a DIFFERENT schedule — see notes.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"Finance Act, 2026 (Act No. XLIII of 2026, assented by the President on 26 June 2026, published in the Gazette of Pakistan Extraordinary Part I, 26 June 2026), section 44(a)(i): in the First Schedule, Part I, Division I, clause (2), the Table substituted — the salaried-individual rate table for tax year 2027","url":"https://download1.fbr.gov.pk/Docs/20266291261044366FinanceAct2026.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/pk/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Pakistan (PK): the federal EOBI old-age contribution plus the PROVINCIAL social security institution contribution, with the ceilings and the instrument fixing each rate. Social security in Pakistan is SPLIT BETWEEN ONE FEDERAL AND FOUR PROVINCIAL SCHEMES, each provincial institution setting its own rate and wage limit — PUNJAB is served here as the named reference province.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2025-07-01","source":{"name":"Employees' Old-Age Benefits Act 1976 (Act No. XIV of 1976) with the Employees' Old-Age Benefits Institution's published contribution rate (\"CONTRIBUTION RATE: EMPLOYER 5% EMPLOYEE 1%\"); Provincial Employees' Social Security Ordinance 1965 (West Pakistan Ordinance No. X of 1965) and the Provincial Employees' Social Security (Contributions) Rules 1966 as published by the Punjab Employees' Social Security Institution; Punjab Minimum Wages Act 2019 (XXVIII of 2019) s. 6 and Government of the Punjab, Labour & Human Resource Department Notification No. SO(L&P) MW/2024 dated 8 September 2025, published in The Punjab Gazette (Extraordinary) of 9 September 2025 (read directly from the gazette page); Workers Welfare Fund and Companies Profits (Workers' Participation) legislation as devolved and re-enacted provincially.","url":"https://pessi.punjab.gov.pk/overview"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/pk/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"QA","name":"Qatar","currency":"QAR","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"QCB Deposit Rate (QCBDR)","description":"The QCB Deposit Rate is Qatar Central Bank's official overnight rate at which banks place funds with the QCB, and QCB's stated primary operating target (it manages the average overnight interbank rate, AOIR, toward the QCBDR). QCB also sets a Lending Rate (QCBLR, the overnight borrowing rate) and a Repo Rate (QCBRR, collateralised, between the two). Because the Qatari riyal is pegged to the US dollar at USD 1 = QAR 3.64, QCB moves in step with the US Federal Reserve.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-06","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-10","source":{"name":"Qatar Central Bank monetary policy decision, 10 Dec 2025 — QCB cuts by 25bps: QCB Deposit Rate (QCBDR) to 3.85%, Lending Rate (QCBLR) to 4.35%, Repo Rate (QCBRR) to 4.10% (Qatar News Agency, official state agency)","url":"https://qna.org.qa/en/News-Area/News/2025-12/10/qatar-central-bank-cuts-key-interest-rates-by-25-basis-points"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/qa/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value-added tax (VAT)","description":"Standard VAT rate. STRUCTURAL NULL — Qatar has NOT enacted VAT as of the confirmation date.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Qatar General Tax Authority (GTA) — taxes overview: Qatar levies corporate income tax and excise tax; no value-added tax is in force","url":"https://gta.gov.qa/en/taxes-info"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/qa/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Qatar, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-12","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"General Tax Authority of Qatar, “Taxes in Qatar” — the authority's own enumeration of the taxes it administers: Global Minimum Tax, Income Tax, Capital Gains Tax, Withholding Tax and Excise Tax. Value Added Tax is not among them; the phrase “Value Added Tax” does not occur on the page and “VAT” does not occur as a word. Qatar therefore operates no VAT and no VAT registration threshold exists, which is why value is null","url":"https://www.gta.gov.qa/en/taxes-info"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/qa/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"National non-discriminatory minimum wage","description":"Qatar's statutory national minimum wage under Law No. 17 of 2020, effective 20 March 2021 — the first non-discriminatory minimum wage in the Gulf, covering ALL private-sector workers including migrant and domestic workers, regardless of nationality or sector. Comprises a basic monthly wage plus food and housing allowances payable where the employer does not provide those in kind.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2021-03-20","source":{"name":"Law No. (17) of 2020 Determining the National Minimum Wage for Workers and Domestic Workers — ILO NATLEX official record; implementation announced by the Ministry of Administrative Development, Labour and Social Affairs (ADLSA), effective 20 March 2021","url":"https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/natlex2/redirect/fromOld?p_lang=en&p_isn=110485&p_count=3&p_classification=12"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/qa/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Qatar's official public holidays for calendar year 2026. Qatar's statutory public holidays are few: National Sports Day (second Tuesday of February), Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha (Hijri/movable, moon-sighting dependent), and National Day (18 December). Dates for the movable Eid holidays are set annually by the Amiri Diwan; National Sports Day and National Day are fixed by law.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Amiri Diwan of the State of Qatar — official holiday declarations for 2026 (Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha announcements); National Day fixed by Law No. 11 of 2007 (18 December); National Sports Day fixed by Emiri decision (second Tuesday of February)","url":"https://www.amiridiwan.qa/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/qa/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer Price Index (latest month)","description":"Official monthly Consumer Price Index for Qatar, base year 2018=100, published by the National Planning Council (NPC), Qatar's statistical authority (formerly the Planning and Statistics Authority). The headline release reports the month-on-month change and index level.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-06","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-05-01","source":{"name":"National Planning Council (NPC) — Consumer Price Index for May 2026: index 110.05, month-on-month -0.51% (released 18 Jun 2026; reported by Qatar News Agency, official state agency)","url":"https://qna.org.qa/en/News-Area/News/2026-6/18/consumer-price-index-for-may-2026-records-a-monthly-decrease-of-051"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/qa/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax rate","description":"Standard corporate income tax rate under the Income Tax Law No. 24 of 2018, administered by the General Tax Authority (GTA). Qatar taxes the FOREIGN-owned share of a business's profits; the Qatari- and GCC-owned share is generally exempt.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2019-01-01","source":{"name":"General Tax Authority (GTA) — Income Tax Law No. 24 of 2018: standard corporate income tax rate 10% of taxable income (higher minimum 35% for petroleum operations and petrochemical activities)","url":"https://gta.gov.qa/en/taxes-info"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/qa/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding tax Qatar levies on payments to non-residents - a single 5% final deduction at source on royalties, interest, commissions and service fees under Article 9(2) of the Income Tax Law (Law No. 24 of 2018), with no withholding tax on dividends. Domestic statutory rates before any double-tax agreement relief. Administered by the General Tax Authority (GTA).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-12-13","source":{"name":"Law No. (24) of 2018 Promulgating the Income Tax Law, Article 9(2): 'Subject to the provisions of tax agreements, royalties, interest, commissions, and fees for services performed wholly or partially in the State and paid to non-residents for activities not related to a permanent establishment in the State shall be subject to a final withholding tax of five percent (5%) of the total amount thereof, as determined by the Regulations.' (GTA official English translation)","url":"https://gta.gov.qa/assets/pdf/Law%20No.%20(24)%20of%202018%20Promulgating%20the%20Income%20Tax%20Law%20(3).pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/qa/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory default interest","description":"Qatar fixes no statutory or legal rate of default interest: Civil Code Art. 268 gives the court a discretionary indemnity for late payment of money, assessed on proved damage, and the Commercial Law contains no legal-interest article.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Civil Code (Law No. 22 of 2004) Art. 268: 'Where the obligation is the payment of money and the obligor fails to make such payment after being notified to do so, and provided that the obligee proves he has incurred damages due to such non-payment, the court may order the obligor to pay indemnity, subject to the requirements of justice' — no rate, no reference series, no percentage anywhere in the Article","url":"https://www.almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawArticleID=36712&LawID=2559&language=en"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/qa/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax","description":"Personal income tax on individuals. STRUCTURAL NULL — Qatar imposes NO personal income tax on the salaries, wages and allowances of individuals, whether Qatari nationals or expatriates.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"General Tax Authority (GTA) — Income Tax Law No. 24 of 2018: salaries, wages and allowances are exempt from income tax; no personal income tax is levied on employment income","url":"https://gta.gov.qa/en/taxes-info"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/qa/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for a private-sector employee in Qatar (QA): the social-insurance contribution under Law No. 1 of 2022, which applies to Qatari nationals ONLY, and the end-of-service gratuity that stands in its place for the expatriate majority of the workforce.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2023-01-03","source":{"name":"Social Insurance Law promulgated by Law No. (1) of 2022 (State of Qatar) and its Implementing Regulations, administered by the General Retirement and Social Insurance Authority (GRSIA): employee contribution raised from 5% to 7% and employer contribution from 10% to 14% of the contributory wage (basic salary plus social and housing allowance) with a maximum contributory wage of QAR 100,000 per month, in force from 3 January 2023 with certain provisions effective on publication on 3 July 2022; Labour Law promulgated by Law No. (14) of 2004 and its amendments for end-of-service gratuity. Rates and base as reported in professional analyses of the Law and its Implementing Regulations, including those of Clyde & Co, Pinsent Masons, Sultan Al-Abdulla & Partners and Lockton.","url":"https://www.grsia.gov.qa/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/qa/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"SA","name":"Saudi Arabia","currency":"SAR","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"SAMA Repo Rate","description":"The Saudi Central Bank (SAMA) Repurchase Agreement (Repo) rate — the rate at which SAMA provides overnight liquidity to banks against eligible collateral, and the headline of SAMA's two administered policy rates. Because the Saudi riyal is pegged to the US dollar at SAR 3.75, SAMA has no independent rate cycle and moves in lockstep with the US Federal Reserve to defend the peg; decisions are announced within hours of the FOMC.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-10","source":{"name":"Saudi Central Bank (SAMA), Repo Rate (Monetary Policy Tools), showing 4.25% effective 10/12/2025; decision of 10 December 2025 lowered the Repo rate by 25bps from 4.50% to 4.25% (and the Reverse Repo by 25bps from 4.00% to 3.75%) in line with the US Federal Reserve's 10 Dec 2025 cut","url":"https://www.sama.gov.sa/en-US/MonetaryPolicy/MonetaryPolicyTools/Pages/RepoRate.aspx"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sa/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value Added Tax (standard rate)","description":"Standard rate of Value Added Tax, administered by the Zakat, Tax and Customs Authority (ZATCA) under the VAT Law (Royal Decree No. M/113 of 1438H) implementing the GCC Unified VAT Agreement, in force since 1 January 2018.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2020-07-01","source":{"name":"Zakat, Tax and Customs Authority (ZATCA), Value Added Tax Law and Implementing Regulations; standard rate raised from 5% to 15% by Royal Order No. A/638 (15 May 2020) effective 1 July 2020, confirmed across ZATCA's published VAT guidelines (which state VAT 'is assessed and added to the sales price' at 15%)","url":"https://zatca.gov.sa/en/RulesRegulations/Taxes/Pages/VATLaw.aspx"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sa/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Saudi Arabia, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-01-01","source":{"name":"GCC Common VAT Agreement art. 50(2) — 'The Mandatory Registration Threshold shall be SAR 375,000 (or its equivalent in the GCC State currencies)' — as applied by the KSA VAT Implementing Regulations art. 3(1): a Resident Person 'must at the end of each month calculate the value of his Supplies made in the Kingdom within the twelve months then ended... In cases where this value exceeds the Mandatory Registration Threshold detailed in the Agreement, the Person must apply to the Authority to register within thirty (30) days of the end of that month' (ZATCA BoD Resolution 3839 of 14/12/1438H, as amended; VAT Law Royal Decree M/113; Agreement ratified by Royal Decree M/51).","url":"https://zatca.gov.sa/ar/RulesRegulations/Taxes/Documents/GCC%20VAT%20Agreement.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sa/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Minimum wage for Saudi nationals (Saudization / Nitaqat)","description":"Saudi Arabia has no universal statutory minimum wage covering all workers. This figure is the SAR 4,000/month minimum that applies to SAUDI NATIONALS for the purpose of the Saudization (Nitaqat) programme — a Saudi employee must be paid at least this to be counted as one full worker toward an employer's Saudization quota. Set by ministerial decision of the Minister of Human Resources and Social Development (MHRSD).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-06","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2021-04-18","source":{"name":"Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development (MHRSD) ministerial decision raising the minimum wage for Saudis registered in the Nitaqat programme from SAR 3,000 to SAR 4,000 (issued November 2020, legal effect 18 April 2021), Saudi Press Agency announcement","url":"https://www.spa.gov.sa/en/e6780322f3"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sa/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Official public holidays for 2026 under Article 112 of the Saudi Labor Law (Royal Decree M/51 of 1426H), administered by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development: four occasions totalling ~10 paid days — Founding Day, Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha and National Day. Islamic (Hijri) holiday dates are set by moon-sighting; the 2026 dates below were officially announced by the Saudi authorities and are past/confirmed.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Saudi Labor Law, Article 112 (Royal Decree M/51 of 1426H, as amended), administered by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development; 2026 Hijri dates per the Saudi moon-sighting announcements (Umm al-Qura calendar / Supreme Court): Eid al-Fitr first day announced 20 March 2026, Eid al-Adha (10 Dhul Hijjah) 27 May 2026 with Arafah on 26 May 2026","url":"https://www.hrsd.gov.sa/en/knowledge-centre/articles/322"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sa/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer Price Index inflation (year-on-year)","description":"Headline consumer price inflation, year-on-year percent change in the Consumer Price Index published monthly by the General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT), the Kingdom's official statistics office.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-08","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"GASTAT (General Authority for Statistics, Saudi Arabia) - Consumer Price Index bulletin, July 2026 (English): 'The Consumer Price Index (CPI) in Saudi Arabia recorded an annual increase of 1.8% in July 2026, compared to the same month of the previous year (July 2025).'","url":"https://www.stats.gov.sa/documents/20117/2435267/CPI+Jul+2026-EN.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sa/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax rate","description":"Standard corporate income tax (CIT) rate on company profits, administered by the Zakat, Tax and Customs Authority (ZATCA) under the Income Tax Law (Royal Decree No. M/1 of 1425H, 2004). Applies to the share of a company owned by non-Saudi / non-GCC persons; the Saudi/GCC-owned share is instead subject to Zakat, not CIT.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2004-07-30","source":{"name":"ZATCA, Income Tax Law (Royal Decree No. M/1 of 15/1/1425H, 2004), Article 7 — standard corporate income tax rate of 20% on the tax base; scope per ZATCA's Income Tax Law / Implementing Regulations page (applies to resident capital companies in respect of non-Saudi partners' shares, and to non-resident persons with Saudi-source income)","url":"https://zatca.gov.sa/en/RulesRegulations/Taxes/Pages/IncomeTaxLaw.aspx"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sa/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding taxes Saudi Arabia levies on payments from a source in the Kingdom to non-residents - dividends, loan charges (interest), royalties, management fees, technical and consulting services and other services - each at its domestic statutory rate before any double-tax agreement relief. Imposed by Article 68 of the Income Tax Law (Royal Decree No. M/1 of 15/1/1425H) and Article 63 of its Implementing Regulations; administered by ZATCA.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2004-03-06","source":{"name":"ZATCA Tax Circular 'Implementation of Withholding Tax (WHT) Under the Double Taxation Agreement', Version 1, January 2025, s.3.1.5: 'in accordance with Article 68 of the Law and Article 63 of the Regulations, the WHT rates ... apply depending on the type of income: Management fees 20%; Royalties 15%; Dividends 5%; Rent 5%; Insurance/reinsurance 5%; Loan returns 5%; Technical & consulting services 5%; Airline tickets/air or sea freight 5%; International telecommunication services 5%; Any other services from sources in KSA 15%.'","url":"https://zatca.gov.sa/en/MediaCenter/Publications/Documents/Tax-Circular-WHT-Implementation-Under-Double-Taxation-Agreement.PDF"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sa/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory default interest","description":"Saudi Arabia has no statutory default interest: the rate is nil. Civil Transactions Law Art. 385 invalidates any interest condition, whether stipulated when the loan is made or on deferral of payment, and Art. 178 bars pre-agreed compensation where the obligation is a cash amount.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2023-12-16","source":{"name":"Civil Transactions Law (Royal Decree No. M/191 of 18 June 2023, in force 16 December 2023) Art. 385: 'Any condition requiring the payment of interest which the lender stipulates upon the conclusion of a loan contract or upon the deferral of payment shall be deemed invalid'; Art. 178: 'The contracting parties may specify in advance the amount of compensation whether in the contract or in a subsequent agreement, unless the subject of the obligation is a cash amount'","url":"https://misa.gov.sa/app/uploads/2025/07/Civil-Transactions-Law.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sa/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax","description":"Statutory personal income tax on individuals' salaries and wages, administered by the national tax authority (ZATCA).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2004-07-30","source":{"name":"ZATCA, Income Tax Law (Royal Decree No. M/1 of 1425H, 2004) and Implementing Regulations — the tax reaches only resident capital companies (in respect of non-Saudi partners' shares) and non-resident persons with Saudi-source income; no provision imposes tax on resident individuals' employment income. There is no personal-income-tax statute in the Kingdom.","url":"https://zatca.gov.sa/en/RulesRegulations/Taxes/Pages/IncomeTaxLaw.aspx"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sa/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Saudi Arabia: employee and employer shares of each statutory branch, with the ceilings and the instrument fixing each rate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-08","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"Social Insurance Law, promulgated by Royal Decree No. M/273 dated 26/12/1445H, approving Council of Ministers Resolution No. 1022 dated 26/12/1445H, in force 3 July 2024 (Art. 63) — Art. 8(1) contribution basis, Art. 8(2) SAR 45,000 monthly contributory-wage ceiling, Art. 8(3) amendment procedure; Art. 9 remittance and late-payment fine; Art. 14 annuities scope; Art. 15(1)-(2) annuities statutory rate; Art. 16(1) age of entitlement; Arts. 28 and 29(1)-(2) occupational hazards; Arts. 43, 44(1)-(2) and 45(a) unemployment. OPERATIVE (transitional) rates sit in the two enacting instruments and they are NOT identical: Royal Decree M/273, Clause Third(1)(a)-(e), Third(2) and Third(3) fix the phased annuities rate; Council of Ministers Resolution No. 1022, Clause Third(6) fixes the operative SANED rate at 1.5% split 50/50 — that paragraph exists ONLY in the Resolution, not in the Royal Decree (Resolution Clause Tenth records that only Clause Third(1, 2, 3, 4 and 7) of the Resolution was carried into the Decree). Executive Regulation of the Social Insurance Law 1445H, Arts. 17 (contributory wage), 18(2) (piece-rate/commission workers), 19 (SAR 45,000 aggregate across employers) and 35 (suspension of contribution periods for non-payment). Legacy scheme: Social Insurance Law, Royal Decree No. M/33 dated 3/9/1421H, and Unemployment Insurance Law (SANED), Royal Decree No. M/18 dated 12/3/1435H, both continued in force for the categories in Clause Second by Clause Fourth of RD M/273 / Resolution 1022; legacy rates, the SAR 45,000 ceiling, the SAR 1,500 and SAR 400 floors and the age-50 wage-increase cap as published on GOSI's own contributor FAQ and its awareness platform. Step-up dates proven by GOSI's own guide \"الزيادة التدريجية لنسب الاشتراكات وتعليق مدد الاشتراك\" (awareness.gosi.gov.sa/pdf/Contributions.pdf).","url":"https://misa.gov.sa/app/uploads/2025/07/Social-Insurance-Law.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sa/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"SG","name":"Singapore","currency":"SGD","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"Policy interest rate","description":"Central bank policy interest rate. Singapore: structural null — MAS conducts monetary policy via the S$NEER exchange-rate band, not an interest rate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-09","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-27","source":{"name":"MAS Monetary Policy Statement - July 2026, 27 July 2026. MAS conducts monetary policy through the Singapore dollar nominal effective exchange rate (S$NEER) policy band, not through an interest rate, so there is no policy rate to serve; the July statement is a decision on the slope, width and centre of that band.","url":"https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/monetary-policy-statements/2026/mas-monetary-policy-statement-27jul26"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sg/policy-rate"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory late-payment interest","description":"Singapore fixes no general statutory or late-payment interest rate; the only fixed figure is the judiciary's 5.33% default for judgment debts, which attaches through court process, not by statute to unpaid invoices.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Supreme Court Practice Directions 2021, para 109(2)(a): 'the rate of interest is 5.33% per year' (non-contractual interest under Rules of Court 2021 O 6 rr 6(7) and 7(8)); para 109(5): 5.33% on judgment debts under O 17 r 5(1)(b)","url":"https://epd2021-supremecourt.judiciary.gov.sg/part-12-judgments-and-orders"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sg/statutory-interest"},{"id":"vat","name":"GST standard rate","description":"Goods and Services Tax (Singapore's VAT) standard rate on taxable supplies of goods and services and on imports.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-06","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2024-01-01","source":{"name":"Goods and Services Tax Act 1993, s 16; two-step rate increase legislated by the Goods and Services Tax (Amendment) Act 2022 (No. 35 of 2022; Government Gazette Acts Supplement No. 34, 9 Dec 2022); IRAS 'Current GST rates'","url":"https://www.iras.gov.sg/taxes/goods-services-tax-(gst)/basics-of-gst/current-gst-rates"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sg/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Singapore, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-08","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2019-01-01","source":{"name":"GST Act 1993 First Schedule para 1(1) (Singapore Statutes Online, current version as at 9 Aug 2026): liable \"(a)(ii) at the end of the year 2019 or a subsequent calendar year, if the total value of all... the person's taxable supplies made in Singapore... in that calendar year has exceeded $1 million\" or \"(b) at any time, if there are reasonable grounds for believing that the total value... in the period of 12 months then beginning will exceed $1 million\"","url":"https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/GSTA1993?ProvIds=Sc1-"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sg/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Statutory minimum wage","description":"National statutory minimum wage. Singapore: structural null — no general minimum wage exists; sectoral Progressive Wage Model ladders and the Local Qualifying Salary are the actual wage-floor mechanisms.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"Ministry of Manpower — Local Qualifying Salary and Progressive Wage Model pages (no general minimum wage under the Employment Act 1968)","url":"https://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/progressive-wage-model/local-qualifying-salary"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sg/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Gazetted public holidays for calendar year 2026 under the Holidays Act 1998, with Sunday-to-Monday substitutions applied.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-06","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Holidays Act 1998, Schedule and s 4(1); Ministry of Manpower gazetted public holiday dates for 2026","url":"https://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/public-holidays"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sg/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer price inflation (CPI, year-on-year)","description":"All-items Consumer Price Index, percent change over the same month of the previous year (base 2024=100), compiled by the Singapore Department of Statistics.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-05-01","source":{"name":"Singapore Department of Statistics, 'Singapore Consumer Price Index, May 2026' (released 23 Jun 2026, base 2024=100); joint MAS/MTI press release 'Consumer Price Developments in May 2026'","url":"https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/explore-data-themes/economy-prices/consumer-price-index/latest-news-data"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sg/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax rate","description":"Headline corporate income tax rate on chargeable income of companies (resident and non-resident).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2010-01-01","source":{"name":"Income Tax Act 1947, s 43(1)(a) (17% on every dollar of chargeable income; current version as at 20 Jul 2026, Singapore Statutes Online)","url":"https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ITA1947?ProvIds=pr43-"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sg/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding taxes Singapore levies on payments to non-residents - interest and other s.12(6) payments, royalties and other s.12(7) payments, and technical/management service fees for services rendered in Singapore - each at its domestic statutory rate before any avoidance-of-double-taxation agreement relief. Dividends carry no withholding under the one-tier corporate tax system. Levied under the Income Tax Act 1947 (ss.12(6), 12(7), 43, 45, 45A); administered by IRAS.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"IRAS - Types of Payment & the Applicable Withholding Tax Rates (interest and s.12(6) payments 15%; royalties and s.12(7) payments 10%; technical assistance and management fees for services rendered in Singapore at the prevailing corporate income tax rate, 17%); Income Tax Act 1947 ss.45/45A (deduction of tax on interest and on royalties and other payments to non-residents).","url":"https://www.iras.gov.sg/taxes/withholding-tax/basics-of-withholding-tax/types-of-payment-and-withholding-tax-rates"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sg/withholding-tax"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax (resident rates)","description":"Progressive income tax schedule for resident individuals, applicable from Year of Assessment 2024 onwards (includes YA2026, i.e. income earned in calendar 2025).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2024-01-01","source":{"name":"Income Tax Act 1947, Second Schedule Part A Table 3 (rates for YA2024 and subsequent YAs, inserted by Act 33 of 2022 wef 04/11/2022), read with s 42(1); current version as at 20 Jul 2026, Singapore Statutes Online","url":"https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ITA1947?ProvIds=Sc2-"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sg/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Singapore (SG): employee and employer shares of each statutory branch, with the ceilings and the instrument fixing each rate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-08","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Central Provident Fund Act 1953, s 7(1), s 8A and First Schedule (headed \"Sections 7, 8 and 77\") paras 1, 1A–1H, 2, 3, 4, 4A, 5 and 8 (Singapore Statutes Online, current version as at 8 Aug 2026); 2026 senior-worker rates inserted by Central Provident Fund Act 1953 (Amendment of First Schedule) Notification S 886/2025 wef 01/01/2026; Ordinary Wage Ceiling and \"applicable amount\" fixed by First Schedule paras 8(ea)(iv) and 8(da) (OW-ceiling schedule inserted by S 599/2023 wef 01/09/2023); CPF Board, \"CPF Contribution Rate Table from 1 January 2026\" Tables 1–5, and \"…from 1 January to 31 December 2025\" Table 1 (historical comparator); Central Provident Fund (Contributions to Community Fund — CDAC) Rules 1992, (— SINDA) Rules 1992 and (— Eurasian Association) Rules 1995, each made under CPF Act 1953 s 76(4), Schedule Part 2 (2025 Revised Edition, 17 December 2025); Administration of Muslim Law Act 1966 s 78(1) and Third Schedule [S 144/2016]; Skills Development Levy Act 1979 ss 2 and 3 (as amended by Act 4 of 2023 wef 15/06/2023); Work Injury Compensation Act 2019 with MOM's WIC-insurance page; Employment of Foreign Manpower Act 1990 with MOM's S Pass levy page; IRAS CPF Relief for employees and Form IR8S explanatory notes.","url":"https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CPFA1953?ProvIds=Sc1-"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/sg/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"TH","name":"Thailand","currency":"THB","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"Policy interest rate","description":"Bank of Thailand policy rate — the 1-day bilateral repurchase rate set by the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-09","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-02-25","source":{"name":"Bank of Thailand, Monetary Policy Committee's Decision 4/2026 (meeting of 26 August 2026), issued under the Bank of Thailand Act B.E. 2485 as amended by Act (No. 4) B.E. 2551 which constitutes the MPC","url":"https://www.bot.or.th/en/news-and-media/news/mpc/news-20260826-KsecaE98.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/th/policy-rate"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory default interest (ดอกเบี้ยผิดนัด)","description":"Thailand's statutory default interest under Civil and Commercial Code s. 224: the s. 7 general rate (3%) plus 2 percentage points = 5% per annum, both adjustable by Royal Decree on triennial Ministry of Finance review.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2021-04-11","source":{"name":"ประมวลกฎหมายแพ่งและพาณิชย์ มาตรา 224 (Civil and Commercial Code s. 224, as amended by the Emergency Decree B.E. 2564): 'ดอกเบี้ยในระหว่างเวลาผิดนัดในอัตราที่กำหนดตามมาตรา ๗ บวกด้วยอัตราเพิ่มร้อยละสองต่อปี' (default interest at the s. 7 rate plus an addition of two per cent per year); s. 7: 'ให้ใช้อัตราร้อยละสามต่อปี' (the rate of three per cent per year shall apply)","url":"https://th.wikisource.org/wiki/พระราชกำหนดแก้ไขเพิ่มเติมประมวลกฎหมายแพ่งและพาณิชย์_พ.ศ._2564"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/th/statutory-interest"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value added tax (standard rate)","description":"Standard VAT rate on the sale of goods, provision of services and imports, inclusive of the local (municipal) tax collected together with VAT.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-10-01","source":{"name":"Royal Decree issued under the Revenue Code governing the reduction of the value added tax rate (No. 799) B.E. 2568, published in the Royal Gazette Vol. 142, Part 59 Kor, 14 September 2025; amending Royal Decree (No. 646) B.E. 2560 as previously extended by Royal Decree (No. 790) B.E. 2567","url":"https://www.rd.go.th/fileadmin/user_upload/kormor/newlaw/dc799.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/th/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Thailand, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2005-04-01","source":{"name":"พระราชกฤษฎีกาฯ (ฉบับที่ 432) พ.ศ. 2548 (Royal Decree No. 432 B.E. 2548 issued under the Revenue Code, on fixing the value of the tax base of a small business exempt from VAT), มาตรา 4: \"มูลค่าของฐานภาษีของกิจการขนาดย่อมตามมาตรา 81/1 แห่งประมวลรัษฎากร จะต้องไม่เกินหนึ่งล้านแปดแสนบาทต่อปี\" ('the value of the tax base of a small business under section 81/1 of the Revenue Code shall not exceed one million eight hundred thousand baht per year'); in force from 1 April B.E. 2548 (2005), repealing Royal Decree No. 354 B.E. 2542. Enabling provision: Revenue Code s.81/1.","url":"https://www.rd.go.th/22646.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/th/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Minimum wage","description":"Statutory daily minimum wage set by the tripartite National Wage Committee. Thailand operates a PROVINCIAL MATRIX — the value served is the lowest general provincial floor in the country.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-07-01","source":{"name":"Notification of the Wage Committee on the Minimum Wage Rate (No. 14), dated 17 June B.E. 2568, issued under sections 79(3) and 88 of the Labour Protection Act B.E. 2541 as amended by Act (No. 3) B.E. 2551 and (No. 6) B.E. 2560; in force from 1 July 2025","url":"https://www.mol.go.th/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/07/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8-%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%88.%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B3-%E0%B8%8914-%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/th/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"National public holidays for calendar year 2026, with substitution (mondayisation) rules applied.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Notification of the Office of the Prime Minister on the Determination of Annual Government Holidays, dated 24 May B.E. 2562, Royal Gazette Vol. 136, Special Part 135 Ngor, 27 May 2019 (giving effect to the Cabinet resolution of 21 May 2019); supplemented by the Cabinet resolution of 22 April 2025 declaring Friday 2 January 2026 an additional special government holiday","url":"https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/17082311.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/th/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer price index / inflation","description":"Headline consumer price inflation, year-on-year, compiled by the Trade Policy and Strategy Office, Ministry of Commerce.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"TPSO (Ministry of Commerce, Trade Policy and Strategy Office), Inflation Report Summary — July 2026 (released 5 August 2026): 'headline inflation increased by 1.95% (YoY)', CPI 102.10 against 100.15 a year earlier; core CPI +1.34% YoY","url":"https://www.tpso.go.th/document/2608-0000000001"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/th/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax (standard rate)","description":"Standard corporate income tax rate on the net profit of a juristic company or partnership.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-07","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2016-01-01","source":{"name":"Revenue Code of Thailand, section 65 and the Income Tax Schedule (2)(a) attached to the Revenue Code, as amended by the Revenue Code Amendment Act (No. 42) B.E. 2559 (2016), which made the 20% rate permanent — Revenue Department corporate income tax page","url":"https://www.rd.go.th/english/6044.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/th/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding tax Thailand levies under Revenue Code section 70 on assessable income paid from or in Thailand to companies or juristic partnerships incorporated under foreign law and not carrying on business in Thailand - dividends at 10%, and interest, royalties, professional fees, rents and other s.40(2)-(6) income at 15% - each at its domestic statutory rate before any double tax agreement relief. Administered by the Revenue Department.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Revenue Department - Revenue Code section 70 (Thai original): 'บริษัทหรือห้างหุ้นส่วนนิติบุคคลที่ตั้งขึ้นตามกฎหมายของต่างประเทศมิได้ประกอบกิจการในประเทศไทยแต่ได้รับเงินได้พึงประเมินตามมาตรา 40 (2)(3)(4)(5) หรือ (6) ที่จ่ายจากหรือในประเทศไทย ให้บริษัทหรือห้างหุ้นส่วนนิติบุคคลนั้นเสียภาษี โดยให้ผู้จ่ายหักภาษีจากเงินได้พึงประเมินที่จ่าย' - 'A company or juristic partnership incorporated under foreign law and not carrying on business in Thailand but receiving assessable income under Section 40 (2)(3)(4)(5) or (6) paid from or in Thailand shall be liable to tax; the payer shall deduct the tax from the assessable income paid' - at the rates in the Revenue Code income tax rate schedule. Rates per the Revenue Department's Income Tax Guide for Foreign Company: 'Dividends: 10%, Other income such as interests, royalties, capital gains, rents and professional fees: 15%'.","url":"https://www.rd.go.th/5939.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/th/withholding-tax"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax (progressive bands)","description":"Progressive personal income tax rates on net assessable income of resident and non-resident individuals.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2017-01-01","source":{"name":"Revenue Code of Thailand, section 48(1) and the Income Tax Schedule (1) attached to the Revenue Code, as amended by the Revenue Code Amendment Act (No. 44) B.E. 2560; the 0% on the first THB 150,000 is granted by Royal Decree (No. 470) B.E. 2551 — Revenue Department personal income tax rate table","url":"https://www.rd.go.th/59670.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/th/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Thailand (TH): employee and employer shares of the Social Security Fund and the employer-only Workmen's Compensation Fund, with the ceilings and the instrument fixing each rate. THE CONTRIBUTION CEILING CHANGED ON 1 JANUARY 2026 for the first time since 2002 and is now on a legislated three-step escalator to 2032.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"พระราชบัญญัติประกันสังคม พ.ศ. 2533 (Social Security Act B.E. 2533 (1990), as amended), ss. 33, 46 and 47; กฎกระทรวงกำหนดค่าจ้างขั้นต่ำและขั้นสูงที่ใช้เป็นฐานในการคำนวณเงินสมทบของผู้ประกันตนตามมาตรา 33 (Ministerial Regulation on the minimum and maximum wage base for section 33 insured persons), published in the Royal Gazette (ราชกิจจานุเบกษา) on 12 December 2025, in force from 1 January 2026; พระราชบัญญัติเงินทดแทน พ.ศ. 2537 (Workmen's Compensation Act B.E. 2537 (1994)) as amended by Act (No. 2) B.E. 2561 (2018); Social Security Office (สำนักงานประกันสังคม) published contribution guidance.","url":"https://www.sso.go.th/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/th/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"TR","name":"Türkiye","currency":"TRY","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"CBRT one-week repo auction rate (bir hafta vadeli repo ihale faiz oranı)","description":"The Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (TCMB/CBRT) policy rate — the one-week repo auction rate — set by the Monetary Policy Committee (Para Politikası Kurulu, PPK) under Law No. 1211 on the Central Bank. Eight scheduled decisions a year, announced at 14:00 Ankara time with a same-day press release; the rate corridor (overnight lending / overnight borrowing) is set alongside it.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-07","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-22","source":{"name":"CBRT Press Release on Interest Rates No. 2026-01, 22 January 2026 — 'the Committee has decided to reduce the policy rate (the one-week repo auction rate) from 38 percent to 37 percent'; level reconfirmed unchanged at 12 Mar 2026 (2026-12), 22 Apr 2026 (2026-17), 11 Jun 2026 (2026-23) and 23 Jul 2026 (2026-28)","url":"https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/EN/TCMB+EN/Main+Menu/Announcements/Press+Releases/2026/ANO2026-01"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tr/policy-rate"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory legal interest (kanuni faiz)","description":"Türkiye's legal interest under Law 3095 as amended by Law 7589 (in force 31 July 2026): 80% of the TCMB rediscount rate as at the prior 31 December — currently 31.0% — with the commercial-default avans rate (39.75%) as a variant.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-31","source":{"name":"Kanun No. 3095 madde 1 (as amended by Kanun No. 7589 md. 10, RG 31.07.2026 No. 33326): 'bu ödeme yıllık, Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankasının önceki yılın 31 Aralık günü kısa vadeli kredi işlemlerinde uyguladığı reeskont oranının yüzde sekseni üzerinden yapılır' (paid annually at eighty percent of the rediscount rate the CBRT applied on 31 December of the previous year); TCMB rates from 20.12.2025: iskonto 38.75%, avans 39.75%","url":"https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.3095.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tr/statutory-interest"},{"id":"vat","name":"KDV standard rate (genel katma değer vergisi oranı)","description":"Katma Değer Vergisi (KDV) genel oranı — the standard VAT rate on supplies of goods and services. Set under Article 28 of Katma Değer Vergisi Kanunu No. 3065 by Presidential decree; the operative instrument is Karar 2007/13033 (Mal ve Hizmetlere Uygulanacak Katma Değer Vergisi Oranlarının Tespitine İlişkin Karar) as amended.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2023-07-10","source":{"name":"Karar 2007/13033, Madde 1(1)(a), consolidated 'Güncel KDV Oranları' text published by the Gelir İdaresi Başkanlığı (GİB): rate for taxable transactions other than those in the annexed lists = %20, '(7346 sayılı Cumhurbaşkanı Kararı ile değişen ibare. Yürürlük: 10/07/2023)'; amending decree Cumhurbaşkanı Kararı No. 7346, Resmî Gazete 7 July 2023, sayı 32241","url":"https://cdn.gib.gov.tr/api/gibportal-file/file/getFileResources?objectKey=arsiv/yardim-kaynaklar/yararli-bilgiler/kdv-oranlari.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tr/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Turkey, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-08","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi (official Presidency legislation portal), consolidated Law 3065: Art. 1 — 'Türkiye'de yapılan aşağıdaki işlemler katma değer vergisine tabidir: 1. Ticari, sınai, zirai faaliyet ve serbest meslek faaliyeti çerçevesinde yapılan teslim ve hizmetler'; Art. 9(1) (Ek cümleler: 28/11/2017-7061/41 md.) — e-services VAT 'bu hizmeti sunanlar tarafından beyan edilip ödenir'.","url":"https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=3065&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tr/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Asgari ücret (national minimum wage, gross monthly)","description":"Türkiye has a single NATIONAL minimum wage with no regional, sectoral or age variation. It is fixed by the tripartite Asgari Ücret Tespit Komisyonu (Minimum Wage Determination Commission) under Article 39 of İş Kanunu No. 4857 and the Asgari Ücret Yönetmeliği; the Commission's karar is published in the Resmî Gazete and the Ministry of Labour and Social Security (Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı) publishes the derived net figure and employer cost. The statutory figure is a DAILY gross rate; the monthly figure is that daily rate × 30.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Asgari Ücret Tespit Komisyonu Kararı (2025/1), Resmî Gazete 26 Aralık 2025, sayı 33119 — günlük asgari ücret 1.101,00 TL for 1 Ocak 2026 – 31 Aralık 2026; figures reproduced in the Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı (ÇSGB) Çalışma Genel Müdürlüğü sheet 'Asgari Ücretin Net Hesabı ve İşverene Maliyeti, 01.01.2026 - 31.12.2026' (brüt 33.030,00 TL, net 28.075,50 TL)","url":"https://www.csgb.gov.tr/Media/gm2fekds/asgari-%C3%BCcret-2026.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tr/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Ulusal bayram ve genel tatil günleri 2026","description":"National and general public holidays for calendar year 2026 under Ulusal Bayram ve Genel Tatiller Hakkında Kanun No. 2429 (17/3/1981). Fixed-date civil holidays plus the two movable religious holidays (Ramazan Bayramı / Eid al-Fitr and Kurban Bayramı / Eid al-Adha), whose Gregorian dates come from the Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı religious calendar.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Ulusal Bayram ve Genel Tatiller Hakkında Kanun No. 2429 (RG 19/3/1981, sayı 17284), Madde 1 and Madde 2 — consolidated text on mevzuat.gov.tr; movable religious-holiday dates from Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, '2026 Dini Günler Listesi'","url":"https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.2429.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tr/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"TÜFE consumer price inflation (year-on-year)","description":"Tüketici Fiyat Endeksi (TÜFE) — headline consumer price index annual rate of change, published monthly by the Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) on the 3rd of the following month at 10:00.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"TÜİK Haber Bülteni Sayı 58297, Tüketici Fiyat Endeksi, Temmuz 2026 (released 3 August 2026): 'Tüketici fiyat endeksi (TÜFE) yıllık %31,75 arttı, aylık %1,78 arttı'; C endeksi (core) +29.91% YoY","url":"https://veriportali.tuik.gov.tr/tr/press/58297"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tr/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Kurumlar vergisi standard rate","description":"Standard corporate income tax rate on resident company profits under Article 32 of Kurumlar Vergisi Kanunu No. 5520, as amended by Law No. 7456 (2023) and Law No. 7524 (2024). Banks and other listed financial-sector taxpayers pay a higher rate; several activity-based reductions apply.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2023-01-01","source":{"name":"Gelir İdaresi Başkanlığı (GİB), 'Kurumlar Vergisi Oranları' — 2026 ve 2025 Hesap Dönemi table: %25 for corporate taxpayers other than those listed, %30 for banks and listed financial-sector taxpayers, dayanağı K.V.K. Madde 32","url":"https://cdn.gib.gov.tr/api/gibportal-file/file/getFileResources?objectKey=arsiv%2Fyardim-kaynaklar%2Fyararli-bilgiler%2Fkurumlar-vergisi-oranlari.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tr/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding taxes Turkey levies on payments to non-residents - dividends, interest, royalties, professional/technical service fees, petroleum-exploration service fees and the branch remittance tax - each at its domestic statutory rate before any double-tax agreement relief. Levied under Corporate Tax Law No. 5520 (Kurumlar Vergisi Kanunu) art. 30 for non-resident corporations and Income Tax Law No. 193 (Gelir Vergisi Kanunu) art. 94 for individuals, with the applied rates set by Presidential Decree (formerly Council of Ministers Decree 2009/14593, as amended). Administered by the Revenue Administration (Gelir İdaresi Başkanlığı).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2024-12-22","source":{"name":"Gelir İdaresi Başkanlığı, 'Kurumlar Vergisinde Oran Uygulamaları' (2026): KVK art. 30 withholding on dar mükellef (non-resident) corporations - '5520 sayılı Kurumlar Vergisi Kanununun 30 uncu maddesi uyarınca dar mükellefiyete tabi kurumların vergi kesintisine tabi kazanç ve iratlarından yapılacak vergi kesintisi oranları 12.1.2009 tarihli ve 2009/14593 sayılı Kararnamenin Eki Karar ile tespit edilmiştir' ('the withholding rates on income of non-resident corporations subject to withholding under art. 30 of Corporate Tax Law 5520 are fixed by the Decree annexed to Decree 2009/14593 of 12.1.2009')","url":"https://cdn.gib.gov.tr/api/gibportal-file/file/getFile?objectKey=DUYURU/UNIVERSAL/2026/2026_KurumlarVergisiOran.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tr/withholding-tax"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Gelir vergisi tarifesi (personal income tax brackets)","description":"Personal income tax rate schedule for resident individuals under Article 103 of Gelir Vergisi Kanunu No. 193. The bracket thresholds are re-set every calendar year by a Gelir Vergisi Genel Tebliği, indexed to the annual yeniden değerleme oranı (revaluation rate). Türkiye runs TWO schedules that differ only in the third bracket ceiling: one for ücret (employment) income and one for all other income.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Gelir Vergisi Genel Tebliği (Seri No: 332), Resmî Gazete 31 Aralık 2025, sayı 33124 (5. Mükerrer) — 2026 takvim yılı gelirlerine uygulanacak GVK Madde 103 tarifesi; reproduced as GİB 'Gelir Vergisi Tarifesi 2026'","url":"https://cdn.gib.gov.tr/api/gibportal-file/file/getFileResources?objectKey=arsiv%2Fyardim-kaynaklar%2Fyararli-bilgiler%2Fgelir-vergisi-tarifeleri%2Fgelir-vergisi-tarifesi-2026.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tr/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Türkiye (TR) insured under article 4/1(a) of Law 5510: employee and employer shares of each statutory branch, with the floor, the ceiling and the instrument fixing each rate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu (SGK), \"İŞVEREN PRİM ORANLARI\" — official contribution-rate table for persons insured under art. 4/1(a) of Law 5510, including the arduous-work (fiili hizmet süresi zammı) rates and the social security support premium; SGK, \"PRİME ESAS KAZANÇ MİKTARLARI\" — earnings subject to and exempt from contribution under art. 80, and \"2026 yılı Prime esas kazançların alt ve üst sınırları ile bazı işlemlere esas tutarlar\" (daily floor TRY 1.101,00, monthly floor TRY 33.030,00, daily ceiling TRY 9.909,00, monthly ceiling TRY 297.270,00 for 1/1/2026–31/12/2026; meal allowance TRY 158,00 per day; child allowance TRY 660,60 per month; family allowance TRY 3.303,00 per month); 5510 sayılı Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu, mm. 3, 40, 79–82, 81/1(a), 81/1(c), 81/1(f), 81/1(ı), Ek 9; 4447 sayılı İşsizlik Sigortası Kanunu, m. 49; 7566 sayılı Vergi Kanunları ile Bazı Kanun ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun, Resmî Gazete 19.12.2025 sayı 33112, mm. 21 and 23 (long-term rate 20 % → 21 %; ceiling 7,5 × → 9 × the minimum wage; Treasury incentive outside manufacturing 4 points → 2 points), in force 1 January 2026.","url":"https://www.sgk.gov.tr/Content/Post/c7812ea8-5087-413f-aeb5-d3c1d153e11a/Isveren-Prim-Oranlari-2026-01-13-04-52-38"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tr/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"TW","name":"Taiwan","currency":"TWD","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"CBC discount rate (重貼現率)","description":"The Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan)'s discount rate — the headline policy rate, being the rate at which the CBC rediscounts eligible bills for banks. Set by the Board of Directors and Supervisors at its quarterly monetary policy meeting (March, June, September, December). The CBC also sets two adjacent facility rates: the rate on accommodations with collateral (secured refinancing) and the rate on accommodations without collateral (temporary accommodations).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2024-03-22","source":{"name":"Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) — key indicators, Discount Rate table (discount rate 2.000% effective 2024/3/22; rate on accommodations with collateral 2.375%, without collateral 4.250%), corroborated by the Monetary Policy Decision of the Board Meeting 2026 Q2 (18 June 2026) which kept all three rates unchanged","url":"https://www.cbc.gov.tw/en/lp-695-2.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tw/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"Business tax (VAT) standard rate — 加值型營業稅","description":"Taiwan's value-added-type business tax (營業稅) standard rate, levied on the sale of goods and services and on imports under the Value-added and Non-value-added Business Tax Act (加值型及非加值型營業稅法). Article 10 fixes the rate between 5% and 10% and delegates the operative collection rate to the Executive Yuan, which has set it at the statutory minimum of 5%.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-23","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"1986-04-01","source":{"name":"Value-added and Non-value-added Business Tax Act, Article 10 ('the business tax rate shall be no less than 5% and no more than 10%; the applicable collection rate shall be prescribed by the Executive Yuan') — Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Ministry of Justice","url":"https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=G0340080"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tw/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Taiwan, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Value-added and Non-value-added Business Tax Act (加值型及非加值型營業稅法, last amended 2025-05-28), Article 28: the head office and every fixed place of business must apply for taxation registration BEFORE commencement of business, regardless of size — Taiwan fixes no general registration threshold.","url":"https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=G0340080"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tw/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Minimum Wage (最低工資) — monthly and hourly","description":"Taiwan's statutory minimum wage, set annually by the Minimum Wage Deliberation Committee under the Ministry of Labor (勞動部) pursuant to the Minimum Wage Act (最低工資法, in force since 1 Jan 2025, replacing the former Basic Wage mechanism of the Labor Standards Act), and promulgated by the Executive Yuan to take effect on 1 January. Set as a monthly/hourly PAIR: the monthly rate covers full-time monthly-paid workers, the hourly rate covers part-time and hourly-paid workers.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-23","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Ministry of Labor, R.O.C. (Taiwan) — English newsletter No. 84, 'Minimum wage to increase in 2026': monthly minimum wage adjusted from NT$28,590 to NT$29,500 and hourly from NT$190 to NT$196, effective 1 January 2026 (Minimum Wage Deliberation Committee decision of 26 September 2025, under the Minimum Wage Act)","url":"https://english.mol.gov.tw/21139/40790/87087/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tw/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"National holidays and days off for 2026 (Republic of China Year 115), governed by the Act Governing Commemorative Days and Holidays (紀念日及節日實施條例, enacted May 2025) and scheduled in the official government-agency work calendar published by the Directorate-General of Personnel Administration (DGPA / 行政院人事行政總處), Executive Yuan.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-23","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Directorate-General of Personnel Administration (DGPA), Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (Taiwan) — 2026 (Year 115) work calendar for government agencies and schools, issued under the Act Governing Commemorative Days and Holidays (紀念日及節日實施條例)","url":"https://www.dgpa.gov.tw/en/information?uid=353&pid=12580"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tw/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"CPI inflation (year-on-year)","description":"Headline consumer price index inflation, year-on-year percent change, latest published month, from the Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS / 主計總處), Executive Yuan — Taiwan's official statistics authority.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-23","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-06-01","source":{"name":"DGBAS (主計總處) — 'The Price Indices for June 2026', press release 7 July 2026: CPI rose 2.60% year-on-year (MoM +0.52%; +0.21% seasonally adjusted); core CPI (excl. fruit, vegetables and energy) +2.45%","url":"https://eng.stat.gov.tw/News.aspx?n=2735&sms=11575"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tw/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Profit-seeking enterprise income tax rate","description":"Standard profit-seeking enterprise income tax (營利事業所得稅) rate on resident company net taxable income, under the Income Tax Act (所得稅法), Article 5, administered by the Ministry of Finance / Taxation Administration.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-23","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-01-01","source":{"name":"Income Tax Act, Article 5, para. 5 — profit-seeking enterprise income tax: taxable income of NT$120,000 or less is exempt; where taxable income exceeds NT$120,000 the rate is 20%. Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Ministry of Justice","url":"https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=G0340003"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tw/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding taxes Taiwan levies on Taiwan-source payments to non-residents - individuals not residing in the ROC and enterprises with no fixed place of business in the ROC - dividends, interest and royalties, each at its domestic statutory rate before any income tax agreement relief. Set by the Standards of Withholding Rates for Various Incomes (各類所得扣繳率標準) issued under the Income Tax Act; administered by the Ministry of Finance and the national tax bureaus.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2021-06-30","source":{"name":"Standards of Withholding Rates for Various Incomes (各類所得扣繳率標準), Article 3, as last amended 30 June 2021 (民國110年6月30日) - Ministry of Finance laws and regulations database. Dividends: '按給付額、應分配額或所得數扣取百分之二十一' (withhold 21% of the amount paid, distributable or earned); interest: '一律按給付額扣取百分之二十' (withhold 20% of the amount paid in all cases), short-term bills '按給付額扣取百分之十五' (withhold 15%); royalties: '按給付額扣取百分之二十' (withhold 20% of the amount paid).","url":"https://law-out.mof.gov.tw/LawContent.aspx?id=FL005962"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tw/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory legal interest (法定利率)","description":"Taiwan's statutory legal interest: a fixed 5% per annum under Article 203 of the Civil Code, which is also the rate of default interest on overdue money debts under Article 233(1), unchanged since the Code's Book on Obligations took effect in 1930.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"1930-05-05","source":{"name":"民法 (Civil Code) 第203條: '應付利息之債務，其利率未經約定，亦無法律可據者，週年利率為百分之五' (where a debt bears interest and no rate has been agreed and none is fixed by law, the annual rate is five per cent); 第233條第1項: '遲延之債務，以支付金錢為標的者，債權人得請求依法定利率計算之遲延利息。但約定利率較高者，仍從其約定利率' (on a money debt in default the creditor may claim delay interest computed at the statutory rate, but a higher agreed rate prevails)","url":"https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?pcode=B0000001&flno=203"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tw/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Individual consolidated income tax brackets","description":"Progressive marginal rate schedule for the individual consolidated income tax (綜合所得稅) on resident individuals' annual net taxable income, under the Income Tax Act (所得稅法), Article 5. The bracket thresholds (and the exemption/deduction amounts) are re-indexed to the CPI by Ministry of Finance public notice whenever the cumulative CPI rise since the last adjustment reaches 3%.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-23","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Ministry of Finance / Taxation Administration (財政部賦稅署) — public notice of 27 Nov 2025 announcing the Year 115 (2026) individual consolidated income tax exemption, deductions and tax brackets (income earned in 2026, filed May 2027); thresholds NT$610,000 / 1,380,000 / 2,770,000 / 5,190,000 at 5/12/20/30/40%","url":"https://www.dot.gov.tw/singlehtml/ch26?cntId=cf5db69f558d42409aa56c70838e8802"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tw/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Taiwan (TW): employee and employer shares of Labour Insurance, Employment Insurance, Occupational Accident Insurance, the Labour Pension and National Health Insurance, with the ceilings and the instrument fixing each rate. TAIWAN'S DEFINING FEATURE IS THAT NO BRANCH IS SPLIT 50/50 — every scheme apportions a headline rate between employee, employer and the GOVERNMENT in fixed statutory proportions.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"勞工保險條例 (Labor Insurance Act) with the Bureau of Labor Insurance 勞工保險投保薪資分級表 effective 1 January 2026; 就業保險法 (Employment Insurance Act); 勞工職業災害保險及保護法 (Labor Occupational Accident Insurance and Protection Act, in force 1 May 2022) with the Bureau of Labor Insurance 災保費率表 and the 2026 occupational-accident insured-salary table; 勞工退休金條例 (Labor Pension Act) with the 月提繳工資分級表; 全民健康保險法 (National Health Insurance Act) with the National Health Insurance Administration 投保金額分級表 effective 1 January 2026 and the premium-rate determination setting the general rate at 5.17% and the supplementary rate at 2.11% from 1 January 2021.","url":"https://www.nhi.gov.tw/ch/cp-19421-f9533-2569-1.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tw/social-contributions"},{"id":"fx-reference","name":"CBC NTD/USD interbank closing rate","description":"Taiwan's official NTD/USD interbank spot market closing rate, published by the Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) each business day between 16:00 and 17:00.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-13","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-09-11","source":{"name":"Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) / 中央銀行 — NTD/USD interbank spot market closing rate, close of 2026-09-11","url":"https://www.cbc.gov.tw/en/lp-700-2.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/tw/fx-reference"}]},{"country":"UZ","name":"Uzbekistan","currency":"UZS","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"CBU policy rate (asosiy stavka / основная ставка)","description":"The Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan's policy rate — the principal monetary policy instrument, the rate around which the CBU's operational corridor for short-term interbank rates (benchmarked to UZONIA, the overnight reference rate) is built. Set by the Board (Правление) of the Central Bank at eight scheduled meetings a year, in pursuit of a 5% medium-term inflation target.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-29","source":{"name":"Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan — homepage policy-rate widget «14% from 29.07.2026» (verified 2 September 2026). Board press release of 29 July 2026 kept the policy rate unchanged at 14 percent per annum (https://cbu.uz/en/press_center/releases/4256855/). Dedicated policy-rate page: https://cbu.uz/en/monetary-policy/refinancing-rate/","url":"https://cbu.uz/en/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/uz/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"VAT standard rate (НДС / QQS)","description":"Налог на добавленную стоимость — the standard rate applied to taxable turnover and taxable imports under part one of Article 258 of the Tax Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan (new edition, approved by Law № ЗРУ-599 of 30 December 2019, in force from 1 January 2020), administered by the Tax Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2023-01-01","source":{"name":"Закон Республики Узбекистан от 30 декабря 2022 года № ЗРУ-812 «О внесении изменений и дополнений в некоторые законодательные акты Республики Узбекистан в связи с принятием основных направлений налоговой и бюджетной политики на 2023 год» — амендмент к Налоговому кодексу: «в части первой статьи 258 цифру „15“ заменить цифрой „12“»; дата вступления в силу 01.01.2023 (Национальная база данных законодательства, lex.uz)","url":"https://lex.uz/ru/docs/6333248"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/uz/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT (НДС) registration becomes compulsory in Uzbekistan, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and the separate no-threshold regime for imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2020-01-01","source":{"name":"Налоговый кодекс Республики Узбекистан (новая редакция, Закон № ЗРУ-599 от 30.12.2019, в силе с 01.01.2020; official gazette text НБДЗ 02/19/НК/4256 от 31.12.2019). Ст. 237 (Налогоплательщики): VAT payers include \"индивидуальные предприниматели, доход которых от реализации товаров (услуг) за налоговый период превышает один миллиард сумов, либо перешедшие на уплату налога на добавленную стоимость добровольно\" ('individual entrepreneurs whose income from sales of goods (services) for the tax period exceeds one billion soum, or who have switched to VAT voluntarily'); юридические лица РУз are VAT payers except \"лица, уплачивающие налог с оборота\" ('persons paying turnover tax'), and ст. 461 confines turnover tax to \"юридические лица..., совокупный доход которых за налоговый период не превышает один миллиард сумов\" ('legal entities whose aggregate income for the tax period does not exceed one billion soum') — so VAT becomes compulsory above UZS 1 billion. E-services: гл. 39, ст. 278-282.","url":"https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4674893"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/uz/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Minimum wage (eng kam ish haqi / минимальный размер оплаты труда, МРОТ)","description":"The single national statutory monthly minimum wage. Not set by a wage board and not set in the budget law: it is fixed by PRESIDENTIAL DECREE (Указ Президента Республики Узбекистан), revised roughly annually in the same instrument that raises public-sector pay, pensions, stipends and allowances. There are no regional, sectoral or occupational variants.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-08-01","source":{"name":"Указ Президента Республики Узбекистан от 2 июня 2025 года № УП-91 «О повышении размеров заработной платы, пенсий, стипендий и пособий»: установить с 1 августа 2025 года «минимальный размер оплаты труда — 1 271 000 сумов в месяц» и «базовую расчетную величину — 412 000 сумов» (Национальная база данных законодательства, lex.uz)","url":"https://lex.uz/ru/docs/7553336"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/uz/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Праздничные нерабочие дни under Article 208 of the Labour Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Трудовой кодекс, approved by Law № ЗРУ-798 of 28 October 2022, in force from 30 April 2023) — nine holidays: seven fixed national dates plus the first day of each of the two Islamic festivals. Calendar year 2026, with the weekend transfers and the additional non-working days set by the annual presidential decree applied.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-30","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Указ Президента Республики Узбекистан от 24 декабря 2025 года № УП-257 «Об установлении дополнительных нерабочих дней в период празднования официальных дат и переносе выходных дней в 2026 году» (действует до 1 января 2027 года; отменяет ПП-452 от 24.12.2024), применяющий статью 208 Трудового кодекса Республики Узбекистан (Закон РУз от 28.10.2022 г. № ЗРУ-798)","url":"https://lex.uz/ru/docs/7938924"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/uz/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"CPI inflation (year-on-year)","description":"Headline consumer price inflation, year-on-year percent, latest published month. Compiled and published monthly by the Statistics Agency under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президенти ҳузуридаги Статистика агентлиги, stat.uz) and republished in the Central Bank's official inflation series.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-06-01","source":{"name":"Центральный банк Республики Узбекистан — «Инфляция годовая, с начала года и месячная», официальный ряд годовой инфляции к соответствующему месяцу предыдущего года: июнь 2026 г. — 6,4%; источник данных — Статистическое агентство при Президенте РУз, публикация ИПЦ за июнь 2026 года от 6 июля 2026 года","url":"https://cbu.uz/ru/monetary-policy/annual-inflation/indicators/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/uz/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate profit tax standard rate (налог на прибыль)","description":"Налог на прибыль — the standard rate on the taxable profit of resident legal entities and of non-residents operating through a permanent establishment, Article 337 of the Tax Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan (new edition, Law № ЗРУ-599 of 30 December 2019, in force from 1 January 2020). Administered by the Tax Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2020-01-01","source":{"name":"Налоговый комитет Республики Узбекистан (Правительственный портал, раздел «Солиқ»), справка «Ставка налога на прибыль составляет 15%», опубликована 14 декабря 2024 года, со ссылкой на статью 337 Налогового кодекса; ставка установлена Налоговым кодексом в новой редакции (Закон РУз от 30.12.2019 г. № ЗРУ-599), введённым в действие с 1 января 2020 года","url":"https://gov.uz/ru/soliq/news/view/30662"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/uz/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The tax Uzbekistan withholds at source on income of non-residents without a permanent establishment - dividends and interest, insurance premiums, international telecommunications and freight, and a residual rate covering royalties, services and all other Uzbekistan-source income, plus two statutory zero-rate categories - each at its domestic statutory rate before any double-tax treaty relief. Set by Article 353 of the Tax Code (new edition of 30 December 2019, Law No. ZRU-599); administered by the Tax Committee (soliq.uz).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2020-01-01","source":{"name":"Tax Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan (new edition, Law No. ZRU-599 of 30 December 2019, in force 1 January 2020), Article 353 'Солиқ ставкалари' / 'Налоговые ставки' (Tax rates), official consolidated text on Lex.uz (National database of legislation)","url":"https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4674902#4686552"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/uz/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory default interest (проценты за пользование чужими денежными средствами, ГК РУз ст. 327)","description":"Uzbekistan's statutory interest for non-performance of a money obligation under Article 327 of the Civil Code: the bank discount rate at the creditor's location, which in practice is the Central Bank refinancing rate — equal to the CBU policy rate since 2020. Derived live from this API's UZ policy-rate series.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-10","confidence":"derived","effective_from":"2026-07-29","source":{"name":"Derived from the Central Bank of Uzbekistan policy rate (this API's UZ policy-rate series) as the 'учётная ставка банковского процента' applied under ГК РУз ст. 327 — no statutory margin is added; the CBU Board raised the policy rate to 14% per annum on 20 March 2025 and has held it there at every meeting since, most recently on 29 July 2026","url":"https://cbu.uz/ru/monetary-policy/refinancing-rate/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/uz/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Individual income tax rate (НДФЛ / jismoniy shaxslardan olinadigan daromad solig'i)","description":"Налог на доходы физических лиц — a SINGLE FLAT rate on the taxable income of resident individuals, including employment income, under Article 381 of the Tax Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan (new edition, Law № ЗРУ-599 of 30 December 2019). Withheld at source by the payer (tax agent); individuals self-declare income not withheld at source. Residence is presence in Uzbekistan for more than 183 calendar days in any rolling 12 months.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2020-01-01","source":{"name":"Правительственный портал Республики Узбекистан, справка «Ставки налога на доходы физических лиц»: «Доходы граждан Республики Узбекистан (резидентов) подлежат налогообложению и удержанию НДФЛ по стандартной ставке 12%», доходы в виде дивидендов и процентов — 5%; правовое основание — статья 381 Налогового кодекса Республики Узбекистан (Закон РУз от 30.12.2019 г. № ЗРУ-599, введён в действие с 1 января 2020 года)","url":"https://gov.uz/ru/advice/70/document/1325"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/uz/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Uzbekistan (UZ): employee and employer shares of each statutory branch, with the bases and the instrument fixing each rate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Налоговый кодекс Республики Узбекистан, раздел XIV \"Социальный налог\", главa 57, статьи 402–409 (официальный консолидированный текст, Национальная база данных законодательства / lex.uz), с изменениями по законам Республики Узбекистан от 30 декабря 2022 года № ЗРУ-812, от 16 июня 2023 года № ЗРУ-847, от 24 декабря 2024 года № ЗРУ-1014, от 26 июня 2025 года № ЗРУ-1071 и от 25 декабря 2025 года № ЗРУ-1108 (в силе с 1 января 2026 года); Налоговый кодекс, статьи 369 и 371 (перечень выплат, образующих базу); Закон Республики Узбекистан от 2 декабря 2004 года № 702-II \"О накопительном пенсионном обеспечении граждан\"; Постановление Кабинета Министров Республики Узбекистан от 21 декабря 2004 года № 595 об утверждении Положения о порядке начисления и уплаты обязательных взносов на индивидуальные накопительные пенсионные счета граждан; Постановление Президента Республики Узбекистан от 26 декабря 2025 года № ПП-388 о мерах по обеспечению исполнения Закона \"О Государственном бюджете Республики Узбекистан на 2026 год\" (распределение поступлений социального налога с 1 января 2026 года).","url":"https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4674893"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/uz/social-contributions"},{"id":"fx-reference","name":"CBU official exchange rates","description":"Uzbekistan's official exchange rates for the soum, published by the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-13","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-09-11","source":{"name":"Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan — official exchange rates, fix of 2026-09-11","url":"https://cbu.uz/en/arkhiv-kursov-valyut/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/uz/fx-reference"}]},{"country":"VN","name":"Vietnam","currency":"VND","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"Policy rate","description":"State Bank of Vietnam refinancing rate (lai suat tai cap von), the headline policy rate at which SBV lends to credit institutions.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2023-06-19","source":{"name":"Quyet dinh so 1123/QD-NHNN ngay 16/6/2023 cua Thong doc Ngan hang Nha nuoc Viet Nam ve lai suat tai cap von, lai suat tai chiet khau, lai suat cho vay qua dem trong thanh toan dien tu lien ngan hang (effective 19/6/2023; replaced Quyet dinh 950/QD-NHNN ngay 23/5/2023)","url":"https://tapchinganhang.gov.vn/ngan-hang-nha-nuoc-viet-nam-tiep-tuc-dieu-chinh-giam-lai-suat-dieu-hanh-2205.html"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/vn/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value added tax (Thue gia tri gia tang)","description":"Standard VAT rate applied to goods and services, currently subject to a temporary statutory 2-point reduction.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-07-01","source":{"name":"Nghi quyet so 204/2025/QH15 ngay 17/6/2025 cua Quoc hoi ve giam thue gia tri gia tang, implemented by Nghi dinh so 174/2025/ND-CP ngay 30/6/2025 cua Chinh phu; base rate under Luat Thue gia tri gia tang so 48/2024/QH15, Dieu 9 khoan 3","url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=214209&classid=1"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/vn/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Vietnam, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Luật số 149/2025/QH15 sửa đổi, bổ sung một số điều của Luật Thuế giá trị gia tăng (passed 11 December 2025), Điều 1.1.b amending khoản 25 Điều 5 of Law 48/2024/QH15: \"25. Hàng hóa, dịch vụ của hộ, cá nhân sản xuất, kinh doanh có mức doanh thu năm từ 500 triệu đồng trở xuống\" ('goods and services of production and business households and individuals with annual revenue of VND 500 million or less' are not subject to VAT); Điều 2: in force 1 January 2026. Consolidated in Văn bản hợp nhất số 12/VBHN-VPQH, Công báo số 127, 27-02-2026.","url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?classid=1&docid=216588&orggroupid=1&pageid=27160"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/vn/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Minimum wage (Muc luong toi thieu vung)","description":"Statutory regional monthly minimum wage for employees under labour contracts. Vietnam operates a four-region matrix; the lowest region's floor is served.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Nghi dinh so 293/2025/ND-CP ngay 10/11/2025 cua Chinh phu quy dinh muc luong toi thieu doi voi nguoi lao dong lam viec theo hop dong lao dong, Dieu 3 khoan 1 (hieu luc 01/01/2026; bai bo Nghi dinh 74/2024/ND-CP ngay 30/6/2024)","url":"https://xdcs.cdnchinhphu.vn/446259493575335936/2025/11/10/293-2025-nd-cp-10112025-3-signed-1762770239794100377083.pdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/vn/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Statutory paid public holidays for calendar year 2026, with the officially announced Tet and National Day arrangements and Labour Code substitution applied.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Bo luat Lao dong so 45/2019/QH14, Dieu 112 (statutory holidays) and Dieu 111 khoan 3 (substitution when a holiday falls on a weekly rest day); Cong van so 9859/VPCP-KGVX ngay 13/10/2025 cua Van phong Chinh phu ve viec nghi tet Am lich, nghi le Quoc khanh nam 2026; Nghi quyet so 28/2026/QH16 ngay 24/4/2026 cua Quoc hoi ve phat trien van hoa Viet Nam (Ngay Van hoa Viet Nam 24/11, hieu luc 01/7/2026)","url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?docid=215596&pageid=27160"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/vn/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer price index (Chi so gia tieu dung)","description":"Headline CPI inflation, year-on-year percentage change, published monthly by the National Statistics Office.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-06-01","source":{"name":"Cuc Thong ke (National Statistics Office of Vietnam, Bo Tai chinh) - 'Chi so gia tieu dung, chi so gia vang va chi so gia do la My thang Sau, quy II va 6 thang dau nam 2026', released 6 July 2026","url":"https://www.nso.gov.vn/tin-tuc-thong-ke/2026/07/chi-so-gia-tieu-dung-chi-so-gia-vang-va-chi-so-gia-do-la-my-thang-sau-quy-ii-va-6-thang-dau-nam-2026/"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/vn/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax (Thue thu nhap doanh nghiep)","description":"Standard statutory corporate income tax rate on business profits.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-10-01","source":{"name":"Luat Thue thu nhap doanh nghiep so 67/2025/QH15, thong qua ngay 14/6/2025, hieu luc thi hanh tu ngay 01/10/2025 va ap dung tu ky tinh thue thu nhap doanh nghiep nam 2025 (replaces Luat Thue TNDN so 14/2008/QH12 as amended)","url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=214607&classid=1&typegroupid=3"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/vn/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"Vietnam has no classical dividend/interest/royalty withholding tax statute; cross-border payments to foreign entities are instead taxed through the Foreign Contractor Tax (FCT) regime of Circular 103/2014/TT-BTC, a combined VAT + CIT levy withheld by the Vietnamese payer. Dividends to foreign corporate shareholders bear no tax at all; loan interest and royalties bear only the CIT component (5% and 10%). Administered by the General Department of Taxation under the Ministry of Finance.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2014-10-01","source":{"name":"Thông tư số 103/2014/TT-BTC (Bộ Tài chính, 6 August 2014, in force 1 October 2014), as published in the Vietnamese Official Gazette (CÔNG BÁO số 785 + 786, 26 August 2014). Điều 13.2(a), CIT-percentage-on-revenue table: row 2 'Dịch vụ, cho thuê máy móc thiết bị, bảo hiểm, thuê giàn khoan' - 5; row 7 'Lãi tiền vay' - 5; row 8 'Thu nhập bản quyền' - 10. Điều 12.2(a), VAT-percentage-on-revenue table: row 1 'Dịch vụ, cho thuê máy móc thiết bị, bảo hiểm; xây dựng, lắp đặt không bao thầu nguyên vật liệu, máy móc, thiết bị' - 5.","url":"https://congbaocdn.chinhphu.vn/CongBaoCP/VanBan/2014/8/12480/7941-1-2014785-786-1032014tt-btcpdf"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/vn/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory late-payment interest (lãi chậm trả)","description":"Vietnam's default interest on late payment of a civil money obligation: 10% per annum under Civil Code 2015 Article 357(2) read with Article 468(2) — half the 20% per annum ceiling on agreed interest. Commercial contracts are governed instead by Article 306 of the Commercial Law 2005.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2017-01-01","source":{"name":"Bộ luật Dân sự 2015 (Law 91/2015/QH13) Điều 357 khoản 2: interest for late payment is as agreed 'nhưng không được vượt quá mức lãi suất được quy định tại khoản 1 Điều 468 của Bộ luật này; nếu không có thỏa thuận thì thực hiện theo quy định tại khoản 2 Điều 468' (but may not exceed the rate in Art. 468(1); absent agreement, Art. 468(2) applies); Điều 468 khoản 1: 'lãi suất theo thỏa thuận không được vượt quá 20%/năm của khoản tiền vay' (an agreed rate may not exceed 20% per annum); khoản 2: the rate 'được xác định bằng 50% mức lãi suất giới hạn quy định tại khoản 1' (is fixed at 50% of the ceiling in paragraph 1) — i.e. 10% per annum","url":"https://vbpl.vn/TW/Pages/vbpq-van-ban-goc.aspx?ItemID=95942"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/vn/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax (Thue thu nhap ca nhan)","description":"Progressive personal income tax schedule on employment and business income of tax-resident individuals.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-20","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Luat Thue thu nhap ca nhan so 109/2025/QH15, thong qua ngay 10/12/2025 (Quoc hoi khoa XV, Ky hop thu 10), Dieu 9 khoan 2 - Bieu thue luy tien tung phan; Dieu 29 khoan 1-2 (hieu luc 01/7/2026, cac quy dinh ve thu nhap tu kinh doanh, tien luong, tien cong cua ca nhan cu tru ap dung tu ky tinh thue nam 2026)","url":"https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=216495&classid=1&orggroupid=1"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/vn/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Vietnam (VN): employee and employer shares of compulsory social insurance (BHXH), health insurance (BHYT) and unemployment insurance (BHTN), plus the employer-only trade-union fund levy, with the ceilings and the instrument fixing each rate. The reference level governing the contribution ceiling ROSE ON 1 JULY 2026 and the regional minimum wages rose on 1 January 2026.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"Luật Bảo hiểm xã hội 2024 (Law on Social Insurance No. 41/2024/QH15, in force 1 July 2025), arts. 33 and 34; Luật Việc làm 2025 art. 33; Nghị định 158/2025/NĐ-CP art. 43; Nghị định 188/2025/NĐ-CP art. 6 (health insurance); Nghị định 161/2026/NĐ-CP fixing the mức lương cơ sở / mức tham chiếu at 2,530,000 VND a month from 1 July 2026, as announced by the Government portal (baochinhphu.vn); Nghị định 293/2025/NĐ-CP fixing the regional minimum wages from 1 January 2026; Luật An toàn, vệ sinh lao động and its implementing decree on the occupational accident and disease fund; Luật Công đoàn.","url":"https://baochinhphu.vn/chinh-thuc-tang-luong-co-so-len-2530000-dong-thang-tu-01-7-2026-102260516214238878.htm"},"url":"https://asiaref.dev/v1/vn/social-contributions"}]}],"disclaimer":"Independent service, not affiliated with any government. Verify against the cited official source before legal or financial use."}